UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNI 
AT   LOS  ANGELES 


HISTORY 


OF  THE 


Military   Canteen 


BY 


Lieut. -Col.   PHILIP  READE 
Inspector  General  U.  S.  \'. 

(Major  4th  U.  S.  Infantrv) 


•  1S7        8 


Published  by  authority  of 

The  Hon.,  The  Secretary  ok  War 


This  is  ii  publication  pcrmiiied  by  the  Secretary  of  War  of  reports 
made  to  the  Inspector  General  of  the  Army,  during  the  months  of  Sep- 
tember, October,  and  November,  jgoo,  by  Lieut.-Coloncl  Philip  Rcade^ 
Inspector  General,  U.  S.  /'.,  (Major  4th  V.  S.  Infantry),  regarding  the 
Regulation  Canteen  and  other  canteens  presented  for  trial  icith  reference 
to  their  fitness  for  use  in  the  military  service. 


rRINTCD   BV 

C  J.  BURROUGHS, 
Cmicaoo. 


COPYRIGHT, 

1901. 

J!y  PHILIP  RKADE. 


REPORT  UPON  ARMY  CANTEENS 

LIEUT.  CUL.  PHILIP  READE,  I.  G.,  U.  S.  V., 

(major  4TH  r.  s.  infantry) 

Inspector  General,  Dejmrhnent  of  Dakota. 

At  the  beginning"  of  the  last  century,  and  for  some  years  after,, 
the  soldier's  canteen  was  a  wooden,  drum-shaped  affair,  provided 
with  a  nozzle.     (See  cut  p.  120.) 

To  now  return  to  that  shape  and  adopt  a  hollow  cylinder,  modeled 
after  a  drum  for  packing  figs  in,  would  be  an  advance  backw-ards. 

The  history  of  mankind  is  the  history  of  the  development  of 
weapons  and  equipment  for  war  by  improvements,  in  which  one 
nation  has  overcome  another  and  survived. 

Within  a  few  months  from  now  our  military  organization  will 
have  been  readjusted.  The  arms  and  equipments  to  be  necessitated 
by  the  increase  in  numbers  of  our  permanent  military  establishment 
should  be  new  and  not  of  the  nineteenth  century  pattern. 

By  July,  1901,  perhaps  60,000  canteens  now  carried  by,  or  in  the 
possession  of,  L^nited  States  Volunteers  and  Regulars  will  have  been 
turned  in.  Some  of  these  canteens  will  be  suspended  by  the  returned 
volunteers  beside  the  obsolete  muzzle-loading  firearms  of  the  civil  war 
period,  and  some  may  find  their  way  into  the  museums  for  the  col- 
lection and  display  of  archaic  military  weapons  and  equipments. 

From  being  an  inconsequential  article  of  a  soldier's  personal 
equipment  the  canteen  has  become,  in  fact,  one  of  the  most  impor- 
tant articles,  because  connected  with  hygienic  considerations ;  in 
other  words,  because  it  carries  water  and  because  the  majority  of 
our  troops  are  in  localities  where  good  water  is  of  prime  considera- 
tion to  health. 

Those  who  live  a  comparatively  fixed  life  can  hardly  weigh 
aright  the  importance  of  a  good  canteen. 

Since  the  microbe  or  germ  theory  has  come  into  the  discussion  of 
hygienic  conditions,  we  have  learned  why  it  is  that  bad  water  is  the 
most  dangerous  liquid  one  can  drink  ;  that  the  denizen  of  places  fitted 
with  filtering  devices,  sterilizing  appliances,  faucets,  hydrants,  water 
valves,  pipes,  aqueducts,  cooling  refrigerators,  icehouses,  etc.,  can 

3 


4  IIISToRV    OF    THE    MIUTARV    CANTEEN'. 

L'.uard  a.i^ain^l  iiiicri)-<iii;anisiiis  and  Icinpcr  I'k-  water  to  suit  his 
palatr;  llic  ^.ildicr  can  not  .-<  >  i^nard  himself  in  the  field  or  on  cam- 
[)ai!;n.  nr  un  the  march. 

If  the  former  could  only  get  water  l)y  jotn-neying-  to  the  town 
pump,  or  well  having  a  pole,  or  piece  of  timber,  moved  on  a  fulcrum 
or  post,  used  to  raise  and  lower  a  bucket  in  the  well  for  laboriously 
drawing  water  by  hand,  he  w^ould  feel  it  an  annoying  hardship.  We 
have  relegated  the  well-sweep,  but  hung  on  to  the  canteen  of  con- 
temporaneous antifpiity. 

People  who  always  live  in  houses  and  sleep  in  beds  and  walk  on 
pavements  and  ride  in  street  cars,  and  wdio  get  their  food  from  butch- 
ers, bakers,  grocers,  or  restaurants,  and  who  always  have  access  to 
unlimited  quantities  of  good  water,  don't  appreciate — they  can't 
appreciate — water,  because  it  is  as  free  as  air. 

The  circumstances  of  their  existence  are  too  mathematical  and 
secure.  They  are  boarders  in  this  world.  Everything  is  done  for 
them  by  somebody  else.  They  live  at  second  or  third  hand.  They 
get  their  excitement  out  of  the  newspapers.  If  the  weather  is  bad. 
tiiey  are  snugly  housed.  If  it  is  cold,  there  is  a  furnace  in  the  cellar. 
If  they  arc  hungry,  the  shops  are  near  at  hand.  They  might  as  well 
be  brought  up  in  an  incu1)ator. 

l)Ut  where  man  abides  in  the  fields,  after  the  manner  of  soldiers 
in  campaign,  he  learns  that  his  best  friends  are  his  arms,  his  blanket, 
and  his  rations;  the  last  named  are  not  any  more  important  than  his 
filled  canteen. 

Xapoleon  said:  "There  are  five  things  from  which  the  soldier 
must  never  be  .separated — his  gun.  his  cartridges,  his  knapsack,  his 
provisions  for  at  least  four  days,  and  his  pioneer  tool.  Let  the  knap- 
.sack  be  reduced  to  tlie  smallest  size;  let  him  carry  in  it  a  shirt,  a  pair 
of  shoes,  a  stock,  a  handkerchief,  a  tinder  box.  but  let  him  have  it 
always  with  him.  for,  once  separated  from  him,  it  never  returns." 

it  is  submitte<l  that  a  man  will  retain  things  for  the  preservation 
of  his  own  life  longer  than  he  will  retain  things  for  the  taking  of 
life.  Hence  he  will  hold  on  to  his  provisions  longer  than  he  will 
retain  imi>lements.  such  as  his  gun,  cartridges,  knapsack,  pioneer 
tool,  or  even  his  "stock."  In  other  words,  the  soldier  will  include 
liis  canteen  as  one  of  his  best  friends.  He  is  never  prodigal  with  his 
water  when  inured  to  war  experiences.  City  dwellers  who  laiow 
that  there  is  always  plenty  more  in  the  pipes  do  not  appreciate  this 
last  fact. 

A  .soldier  in  barracks,  with  water  closets  and  baths,  requires  25 
gallons  (^f  water   per   day.      Without    water   closets   and   l)aths   he 


HISTORY   OF    THE    MILITARY    CAXTEEX. 


/lkw£nf/anJL Mmute^Tiatr,  /rfs-fni        ConnecitQut  /ooi-fuard..  /776-/TS3.  l/.3.fnAntry man  tttital^ 

mart/i'/y  oreUr,  /8Si. 


(3  IIISTOKV    Ol-     Till:    MII.ITAUV    CANTEIiN. 

rcqtiircs  lo  ^^^llons  of  water  jKr  day.     In  stationary  camps,  5  i^^allons 
|ur  livad  for  all  purposes  is  required. 

A  soldier  requires  on  the  march,  for  (hinkinj,^  and  ctjokin^-,  6 
l,ints  a  day.  increased  in  a  hot  climate  to  8  pints,  and  an  equal  amount 
for  washinj^  the  person. 

The  fore^oinj?  are  the  lowest  figures.  Thv  hygienic  preparaticjns 
for  a  campaign,  either  for  the  foot  or  nnjuntc-d  sfjldier,  include  a  con- 
sideration of  many  rules  and  precautions  that  arc  unavoidably  broken 
or  impaired  by  war,  but  the  three  requisites  of  a  camping  grounds 
are  water,  fuel  and  forage. 

Had  water  is  the  most  dangerous  liquid  one  can  drink. 
The  soldier  is  not  dressed  or  outfitted  in  obedience  to  caprices  (jf 
fashion,  but  in  accordance  with  the  rules  of  hygiene. 

All  camping  grounds  are  not  near  to  running  streams,  or  water. 
.Marches  must  be  limited  to  the  human  strength  and  necessities,  both 
as  regards  travel  and  rest,  rations  and  water. 

During  the  period  immediately  following  the  capitulation  of 
Santiago.  July,  1898.  the  l-'ifth  Army  Corps  obtained  its  water  from 
the  San  Juan  river,  less  than  a  mile  away,  by  means  of  canteens. 
Stalwart,  fever-stricken  men  went  thirsty  because  they  shrank  from 
the  physical  exertion  involved  in  walking  down  a  hill  a  few  hundred 
vards  and  then  stagger  back  with  a  load  of  filled  canteens.  Aching 
heads  and  Hushing  faces  were  relieved  by  water,  but  the  fluid  ap))li- 
cation  was  a  costly  one. 

Soldiers,  insane  from  heat,  exhaustion  and  fatigue,  reeled  into 
any  kind  of  shelter  and  would  there  lie  prostrate  and  gasp,  their 
canteens  by  their  side — empt\'.  Sights  like  these,  and  personal 
deprivation.  (|uicken  one's  conception  and  appreciation. 

Cieneral  Viscount  Wolseley  in  his  "Soldier's  Pocket  Book  for 
Field  Service."  edition  1886.  includes  in  the  list  of  articles  to  be  worn 
(II  the  person  a  drinking  cu])  and  water  bottle,  lie  savs :  "The  best 
water  bottles  are  those  made  of  ebonite  and  covered  with  felt.  Those 
holding  a  little  less  than  i  y^  pints  weigh,  when  empty.  13 j  ounces; 
when  full,  2  pounds  3  J  <nnices.  Our  regulation  water  bottle,  that  is 
of  wood,  holds  I  and  1-3  pints:  weighs  when  empty,  i  pound  and 
^  ounce:  when  full,  2  pounds  10  ounces.  Leather  water  bottle 
used  in  Nile  expedition,  weighs  2  pounds.  Moving  across  a  desert, 
the  first  and  greatest  difiiculty  is  water.  You  must  provide  for  the 
carriage  of  at  least  i  gallon  per  man  per  diem,  with  a  surplus  of 
spare  water  of  25  per  cent,  or  whatever  your  calculation  amounts  to. 
In  calcidating  the  quantity  of  water  refpiireil  per  man  for  drinking 
and  cooking,  it  may  be  put  down  as  six  pints  in  temperate,  and  eight 


HISTORY    OF    THE    MILITARY    CANTEEN.  7 

pints  in  tropical  climates.  On  desert  journeys  in  summer,  when 
hot  winds  blow,  a  man  requires  two  gallons  a  day,  but  in  autumn 
or  winter  three  pints  a  day  are  sufficient." 

At  Tientsin,  China,  July  13,  1900,  where  Col.  Emerson  H.  Lis- 
cum,  ninth  infantry,  was  killed.  Lieutenant  Abraham  Loeb  reports 
that  the  regiment  lay  all  day  in  salt  water,  mud  up  to  their  waists, 
under  a  hot  sun.  '"Water  gave  out,"  he  states,  "and  the  men  in  their 
frenzied  attempts  to  quench  their  burning  thirst,  would  drink  that 
dirty  salt  water,  supplying  it  in  short  mouth fuls,  as  it  eddied  about 
their  forms." 

Regarding  the  lack  of  water  at  Tientsin,  the  Xew  York  Sun's 
correspondent  reports :  "One  thing  this  day  should  teach  the  Ameri- 
can army,  one  little  thing  of  great  importance.  I  have  seen  six 
different  breeds  of  man  go  into  battle  today.  Every  one  of  them 
except  the  American  had  some  contrivance  for  getting  extra  water 
to  the  field.  It  has  been  a  fearfully  hot  day  and  the  men  have  suf- 
fered greatly  for  water.  Our  men  are  notoriously  prodigal  of  the 
contents  of  their  canteens.  They  hadn't  been  on  the  line  two  hours 
before  they  were  running  out,  and  the  cry  went  up  for  more.  But 
there  was  no  way  to  get  more.  The  British,  French,  and  Japanese 
had  their  donkey  carts  cr  mules  packed  with  breakers,  but  the 
Americans  had  nothing  and  their  men  had  to  suflFer  and  stand  it 
as  best  tliey  could.  It  is  no  Very  great  reform  to  make,  but  it  counts 
afield." 

Major  William  D.  Beach,  Inspector  General  U.  S.  \'.,  (Captain 
3d  U.  S.  Cavalry),  Inspector  General  Dept.  of  Southern  Luzon,  P. 
I.,  states  that  "officers  and  some  old  soldiers  will  make  their  can- 
icens  of  water  last  for  twenty-four  hours  if  necessary,  or  else  go 
without ;  but  the  average  soldier  can  not  be  made  to  do  it,  and  sick- 
ness results." 

It  is  an  axiom  in  our  service  to  never  start  on  a  march  or  field 
exercise  without  filling  all  canteens.  Company  commanders  inspect 
before  starting  to  see  that  this  essential  is  complied  with  by  all. 

The  importance  of  the  canteen  as  an  article  of  the  soldier's 
equipment  in  the  field  cannot  be  overestimated.  Its  value  in  garrison 
is  not  generally  appreciated,  because  of  the  ease  with  which  water 
can  be  obtained. 

A  canteen  is  defined  by  Webster  as  being  a  vessel  used  by  sol- 
diers for  carrying  liquors,  water  or  other  drink. 

In  the  English  service  the  canteen  has  been  made  of  woofl  and 
licM  throe  pints.     In  the  United  States  it  is  a  tin  tlask. 

Col.  H.  L.  Scott,  in  his  Military  Dictionary  uf  i8()4.  defines  a  can- 


S  MISTOKV    OF    TiriC    MM.ITAKV    CAXTIiliN. 

tfc'ii  as  a  small  lin,  caoutchouc,  or  circular  wooficn  vessel,  used  by 
soldiers  to  carry   li(|uor,  etc. 

Captain  Thomas  VVilhelni,  in  his  Military  Dictionary,  1881,  says 
that  a  canteen  is  a  tin  vessel  used  by  soldiers  to  carry  water  on  the 
march,  or  in  the  field.  It  is  usually  suspended  by  a  strap  from  the 
shoulder.  In  the  British  service  the  canteen,  he  says,  is  made  of 
wood  and  is  called  a  water  bottle. 

Worcester  in  his  dictionary  defines  the  canteen  as  a  small  tin  or 
circular  wooden  vessel  which  each  soldier  carries  and  uses  for 
water. 

Chambers'  Encyclopedia,  edition  of  1879,  defines  canteen  as  the 
name  given  to  a  vessel  used  by  soldiers  to  contain  whatever  beverage 
niav  be  obtainable  on  the  march  or  in  the  field,  made  sometimes  of 
tin,  sometimes  of  wood.  In  the  British  army,  the  canteen  is  a 
wooden  vessel  holding  about  three  pints,  painted  blue,  and  inscribed 
with  the  number,  or  designation  of  the  regiment,  battalion  and  com- 
pany to  which  the  soldier  belongs. 

The  following  are  stated  to  be  the  specifications  for  the  regula- 
tion U.  S.  Army  canteen,  viz. : 

Made  of  XXXX  tin,  circular  in  shape,  75  inches  in  diameter,  sides 
oval  and  smooth;  thickness  through,  three  inches,  with  a  triangular 
wire  loop  T  soldered  on  each  side  to  tin  loop ;  mouthpiece  with  a 
rim :  cork  capped  with  tin ;  iron  wire  stem  riveted  through  cork  and 
attached  to  canteen  by  a  brass  chain  three  inches  long,  with  a  ring 
closed  on  mouthpiece.  Covered  first  with  gray  "Petersham,"  and 
afterwards  with  drab  duck.  The  weight  of  the  complete  canteen 
is  12.6  ounces;  of  the  canteen  haversack  strap,  as  used  by  the  in- 
fantry. 6.3  ounces,  and  of  the  cavalry  canteen  strap,  3  ounces. 

The  Commandant,  Rock  Island  Arsenal,  Illinois,  ( Major  S.  E. 
Blunt,  Ord.  Dept.)  furnishes  the  following  information  in  regard 
to  the  manufacture  of  canteens  at  that  arsenal :  "The  present  regu- 
lation canteen  is  made  up  of  sheet  tin  ;  the  two  halves  of  the  can- 
teen being  formed  luider  presses,  soldered  together  aifd  separate 
mouthpiece  soldered  thereto,  the  triangles  for  the  strap  soldered  on. 
and  then  the  canteen  covered,  first  with  felt  and  then  with  dyed 
duck  c>f  the  same  material  as  used  for  the  haversack.  After  this 
.the  cork  and  chain  are  added.  Inspections  are  made  at  each  different 
stage  of  manufacture  and  when  finally  completed  l^efore  the  canteens 
are  packed  and  transferred  to  store.  The  only  'test'  made  during 
manufacture  is  to  determine  whether  the  soldering  is  complete.  This 
is  accomplished  by  placing  tlie  nozzle  of  an  air  compresser  into  the 
mouth  of  the  canteen,  plunging  the  canteen  under  water,  and  then 


HISTORY    OF    THE    MILITARY    CAXTEEX.  9 

forcing  air  into  it.  If  there  are  any  leaks  they  will  he  discovered  by 
air  bubbling  in  the  water.  If  leaks  are  foimd  the  canteen  is  resoldered 
and  again  tested."' 

In  the  matter  of  canteens  we  have  not  kept  pace  with  other  na- 
tions nor  yet  with  the  development  and  improvements  made  by  in- 
ventors and  industrial  establishments  in  the  United  States,  and  which 
have  been  made  evident  b}"  the  open  air  tests  made  b\-  me  and  here- 
inafter described. 

The  canteen  now  and  for  many  years  issued  by  the  (Jrdnance 
Department,  is  a  poor  affair,  inconsistent  with  the  improvements 
made  in  other  articles  of  the  soldier's  equipment  issued  by  the  same 
department. 

I  have  found,  in  the  possession  of  the  ist  Cavalry  or  of  the 
8th  Infantry,  canteens  made  of  X  tin,  of  XX  tin.  and  of  XXX  tin. 
Owing  to  this  lack  of  uniformity  in  material,  difference  in  weight 
and  of  durability  exists. 

Some  of  the  army  canteens  vary  in  capacity  four  or  more  ounces, 
the  minimum  being  42  fluid  ounces. 

Difference  exists,  also  in  the  weight,  thickness  and  quality  of  the 
felt  superimposed  upon  the  flask.  These  variations  are  visible  to  the 
eye  anrl  have  been  further  proven  by  immersion  in  water  and  by 
flame  tests. 

The  present  service  canteen  is  defective  because  it  will  not  pre- 
serve fluid  at  a  palatable  temperature,  in  either  very  high  or  very 
low  temperatures.  A  cause  of  this  defect  is  that  the  tin  flask  is  not 
covered  by  enough  non-conducting  material,  viz.,  good,  thick,  all- 
wool  felt. 

First  Lieutenant  F.  L.  Knudson.  8th  Infantry,  a  soldier  of  nearly 
twelve  years'  experience  in  infantry  service,  says:  "The  canteen 
at  present  issued  to  the  army  is  very  poor.  Its  shape  is  such  that 
it  is  inconvenient  to  carry,  and  its  covering  not  sufficiently  thick 
to  keep  the  water  cool.  The  stopper  should  be  fashioned  by  having 
its  chain  secured  on  the  inside  of  the  canteen,  because  the  present 
method  of  fastening  it  is  not  solid  enough  and  causes  the  chain  to  slip 
off  the  neck  of  the  canteen  and  the  stoppers  are  very  often  lost.  The 
canteen  should  be  made  of  material  that  will  not  rust." 

Captain  F.  H.  Sargent.  8th  Infantry,  says:  "Noticed  defect  in 
canteen,  which  should  be  of  such  shape  as  to  fit  close  to  the  body  and 
should  be  covered  with  a  good  felt,  much  thicker  than  the  cover  now 
in  use,  which  is  of  poor  material,  shoddy  and  thin." 

Captain  W.  II.  Hart,  Brigade  Quartermaster,  X.  G.  S.  Minne- 


10 


lllSTOKV    OF    THE    MILITARY    CANTEEN. 


K 


covered  bu  the  Latf's.  r^^et^ocl,   %  in. felt, 
ojoe/radle  cari/as  cover.  Co^ city  -93 Troy  07^ 
'  HtLjH  /s  /tuoCrdvpoOs  c-r . 


^ach 


HISTORY    OF    THE    MILITARY    CANTEEN".  II 

sota.  writes  :  "The  Government  canteen  cover  is  of  flimsy  material 
and  cannot  absorb  nearly  as  much  water  as  a  canteen  cover  of  fine 
piano  all  wool  felt." 

Not  to  change  and  improve  the  present  army  canteen  is  to  run 
counter  to  the  workings  of  what  clearly  is  the  trend  of  development 
in  the  higher  walks  of  business,  science  and  the  profession  of  arms  in 
other  countries. 

The  service  canteen  should  be  a  combination  of  a  flask  to  con- 
tain fluids,  provided  with  a  cover  to  keep  the  contents  of  the  flask  at 
a  palatable  temperature;  that  is,  a  condition  with  respect  to  heat  or 
cold  in  zones,  localities  or  temperatures  other  than  ordinarily  preva- 
lent in  the  temperate  zone. 

It  seems  hardly  necessar}-  to  dwell  upon  the  fact  that  a  canteen 
flask  and  its  coverings  nmst  l)e  separatel}-,  as  well  as  unitedly,  con- 
sidered. 

The  canteen,  per  se,  is  a  flask  to  contain  forty-eight  or  more  fluid 
ounces  of  water.  It  is  in  no  wise  responsible  for  the  failure 
of  its  cover  to  protect  its  contents  adequately  from  extreme  varia- 
tions of  temperature.  The  flask  should  be  so  made,  or  of  such  ma- 
terial, as  to  resist  such  treatment  as  a  soldier  might  give  it  during  a 
campaign,  or  the  march,  or  in  the  field. 

Respects  ix  Which  the  Care  and  Storage  of  Water  in  a  Can- 
teen Resemble  Storage  Methods  of  Transporta- 
tion OF  Food  Products, 

It  is  not  inappropriate  to  consider  water  as  a  food  product,  and, 
in  hot  weather,  the  canteen  as  a  cold  storage  house.  When  the  tem- 
perature ranges  above  90  degrees,  it  is  injurious  to  water  as  a  food 
product. 

The  Subsistence  Department,  U.  S.  Army,  has  to  consider  tem- 
peratures injurious  to  food  products  in  storage  or  transportation,  and 
methods  of  protection  from  the  same. 

It  is  claimed  that  water  is  perishable  when  congealed,  or  when 
so  hot  as  to  be  nauseating.  It  is  also  unfit  for  human  consumption 
when  unsanitary  from  any  cause.  Protection  from  excessive  heat 
or  cold  is  as  necessary  for  drinking  water  as  for  fruits,  vegetables, 
dairy  products,  milk,  green  meats,  poultry,  game,  fish,  oysters,  clams, 
malt  and  hop  liquors,  wet,  canned  or  bottled  groceries,  ink,  mucilage, 
proprietary  medicines,  mineral  waters  and  drugs  having  water,  in- 
stead of  alcohol,  as  a  base. 

Hence,  in  the  construction  of  a  canteen  and  its  components,  also 
in  the  transportation  by  tlic  soldier  of  its  ]ierishable  conttMUs,  primal 
objects  to  be   attained   arc: 


12  IIISTOKV   OI"    I  III-:    MII.IIAKV    cA.\"ri;i:.\. 

1.  The  protccticiii  of  the  ccjiilenls  from  frost  (jr  excessive  cold. 

2.  The  protection  of  the  same  from  excessive  heat. 

']"he  temi)eratures  at  which  drinking  waters  are  liable  to  damage 
vary  according  to  their  condition  wlien  canteened,  length  of  expos- 
ure,   whether  kept  continually  in  motion,  etc. 

The  degrees  of  cold  to  which  drinking  Huids  within  canteens 
may  ])e  subjected  w  ithout  becoming  impaired  depends  upon  the  time 
of  exposure,  whether  allowed  to  stand,  whether  partly  emptied,  and 
the  duration  of  the  exposure,  as  well  as  the  intensity  of  the  cold. 

In  the  transportation  and  exposure  of  the  food  products,  etc., 
named,  concurrence  of  opinion  and  method  exists  as  to  the  modern 
methods  involving  the  efficacy  of  cars,  etc.,  specially  built,  variably 
ventilated,  properly  lined  and  contents  carefully  packed  in  straw, 
hay,  oat  chafY,  moss,  sawdust,  paper,  etc.  In  the  case  of  the  canteen, 
the  lining  is  properly  represented  by  the  cover,  or  outer  jacket. 

Just  as  in  the  former  case,  a  factor  to  be  observed  is  the  tempera- 
ture of  the  produce  when  put  into  the  car,  so  the  temperature  of  the 
iluid  or  water  when  the  canteen  is  filled  is  a  factor  in  determining 
the  merit  of  the  flask  covering.  If  the  fluid  has  been  exposed  to  a 
low  temperature  for  a  considerable  time  before  being  canteened,  it  is 
in  a  poor  condition  to  withstand  cold,  and  its  original  temperature 
nuist  be  taken  into  account.  It  is  also  certain  that  even  a  car  load 
of  produce,  like  potatoes,  will  stand  a  lower  temperature  when  the 
car  is  in  motion  than  when  at  rest,  so  it  is  with  a  canteen's  contents 
when  jolted. 

Cars  are  classed  as  ordinary  refrigerator  cars,  salamanders  and 
extraordinary  refrigerator  cars  of  the  better  class.  Canteens  may 
also  be  so  classed.  Some  are  simply  water  carriers ;  others  are  so 
protected  as  to  assist  in  the  process  of  refrigerating  their  fluid  con- 
teiUs. 

Lar  loads  of  fish,  etc..  are  protected  by  bins  built  into  the  car 
and  thoroughly  iced.  The  modern  canteen  has  its  non-conducting 
cover  built  on  to  the  outside  of  the  flask,  and  in  hot  weather  the  fluid 
contents  of  the  flask  are  protected  by  moistening  the  absorbent  inner 
c<  tver. 

The  relation  between  tiie  outside  air  temperature  and  the  tem- 
l)erature  within  the  car  varies  largely,  depending  on  the  kind  of  car, 
whether  an  ordinary  freight  or  refrigerator  car,  whether  lined  or 
not,  whether  standing  still  or  in  motion,  and  also  on  the  weather, 
whether  windy  or  calm,  warm  or  cold. 

Tn  shipping  ],ing  distances  in  summer,  it  is  necessary  to  re-ice  the 
cars. 


HISTORY    OF    THE    MILITAkV    CAXTILKX.  I3 

Wlicn  tlic  old  sulilicr  can,  he  will,  in  hot  weather,  immerse  his 
corked  canteen  in  water  in  order  io  resupply  the  ahsorbent  inner 
cover  with  moisture  and  so  retard  the  subsequent  evaporation  by 
keeping  the  outer  cover  tightly  laced. 

It  is  important  to  note  that  in  shipping  fruits,  etc.,  many  of  the 
precautions  taken  in  packing  to  keep  out  the  cold  will  also  keep  in 
the  heat,  there  being  really  more  danger  in  some  instances  from 
heating,  steaming,  cooking,  etc.,  Iiy  process  of  decomposition  than 
from  cold. 

In  cold  weather  the  knowing  old  soldier  who  wants  to  keep  his 
canteen  full  of  coffee,  tea,  etc.,  hot,  puts  the  fluid  into  the  canteen 
when  it  is  hot,  and  he  does  not  wet  the  felt  cover. 

Cars  containing  perishable  goods  are  sometimes,  when  a  south 
wind  is  blowing  on  the  prairie,  covered  with  canvas  on  the  south 
side.  They  are  lined,  have  padded  doors,  sides  are  protected  liy 
heavy  paper  tacked  to  the  w^alls,  also  by  the  addition  of  an  inner 
board  wall  a  few  inches  distant  from  the  outer  one ;  produce  sur- 
rounded by  straw,  cars  warmed  by  steam  from  the  locomotive  when 
in  motion,  and  by  stove  when  steam  is  not  available.  Lined  cars 
are  lined  with  tongued  and  grooved  boards  on  the  sides  and  ends 
and  bulkheaded.  Cars,  after  being  loaded,  are  carefullv  inspected 
as  to  temperature  within ;  their  destination  considered,  etc. 

Cars  were  not  thus  equipped,  packed  and  constructed,  etc.,  prior 
to  the  construction  of  our  transcontinental  railways  and  cold  storage 
establishments.     Twenty-five  years  ago  shippers  used  ordinary  cars. 

The  development  and  evolution  of  the  canteen  in  the  U.  S.  Army 
has  not  been  such  as  to  justify  retaining  any  longer  in  service  the 
army  canteen  now  used  by  our  soldiers.  The  development,  improve- 
ment and  evolution  of  the  service  canteen  has  not  kept  pace  with 
the  progress  of  the  cold  storage  cars. 

In  the  modern  method  of  storing  water  in  a  canteen,  the  recom- 
mendation is  made  that  a  modern  canteen  be  used.  That  is  to  say. 
one  protected  by  felt  instead  of  "Petersham,"  having  superimposed 
an  openable  canvas  cover  made  of  some  close  woven  textile  fabric, 
the  pattern  of  the  cover  being  such  as  to  facilitate  the  moistening  of 
the  felt. 

The  best  method  of  covering  for  a  canteen  known  to  me  is  the 
Lanz  method.  It  does  not  necessarily  f|uickly  produce  a  low  tem- 
perature in  hot  weather,  but  it  keej^s  the  contents  of  the  canteen  at 
a  uniformly  palatable  temperature  better  than  any  other  practically 
practical)le  device  suited  for  the  military  service  and  personal  trans- 
I)ortation  by  the  soldier  in  the  open. 


14  II  IS  TORS'    OI"     11 1 1".    MII.IIARV    CAXTi:i-:\. 

I  jVorls  arc  hi'inj^-  eonslaiilly  inado  lo  reduce  liie  load  of  ilic  foot 
soldier  to  a  inininiuiii.  lie  sol\e>  the  (|ueslioii  for  himself  in  llie 
lield  l»y  discardiiii4  non-essentials  and  Si)  enhances  his  fit,dilin.i(  and 
niarchini,'-  ])o\vers,  but  retains  his  canteen  whether  afOv:)t.  mounted  or 
moving-  hy  \\at;on.  transport  or  train.  The  canteen  is  not  included 
hy  him  in  the  list  of  unneccssar\-  impedimenta. 

.  A  soldier  must  have  water,  and  he  must  have  an  aj^pliance  to 
carry  water.  That  canteen  is  the  best  canteen  which  is  the  most  per- 
fect non-conductor  of  heat  and  cold. 

In  a  report  dated  January  20,  1899,  from  lieaclquarters  ist  Di- 
vision 2d  Army  Corps,  Camp  Mackenzie,  Augusta,  Ga.,  recommenda- 
tion was  made  that  canteens  should  be  covered  with  felt,  or  wool, 
not  bare  canvas. 

I  now  know  that  a  flannel  cover,  unprotected,  over  a  canteen, 
makes  evaporation  too  easy ;  that  a  leather  covered  canteen  slops 
evaporation  entirely  ;  that  a  canvas  cover  over  felt  retards  evaporation 
and  ii^ives  the  best  results,  viz..  palatable  water  of  low  temperature 
lt)r  troops  in  the  field  in  the  simimer  season,  or  anv  season  in  our 
troj)ical  possessions. 

II  is  believed  that  the  function  of  a  canteen  is  to  carrv  and  ef- 
fectually ])reserve  the  temperature  of  water,  cither  in  hot  or  cold 
weather. 

riir  present  I'.  S.  canteen,  as  issued  by  the  Ordnance  Depart- 
ment, does  not  satisfactorily  preserve  or  maintain  fluid  at  a  palat- 
able temperature  in  either  very  high  or  very  low  temperatures. 

Every  question  in  war  should  be  considered  in  the  aspect  of  what 
soldiers  can  do,  and  will  do,  when  fatigued.  A  veteran  soldier  knows 
the  value  of  a  canteen.  The  three  articles  that  he  will  hold  en  to 
longest  arc  his  rifle,  his  canteen  and  his  blanket.  If  he  has  no  am- 
munition for  his  rifle  he  may  abandon  it,  but  hang  on  to  his  canteen 
and  l)lanket.  He  will  never  part  with  his  canteen.  Its  value  as  an 
article  of  equipment  is  attested  to  by  this  fact. 

The  material  used  to  cover  the  canteen  flask,  now  in  use  by  the 
I  .  S.  .\rmy,  is  practically  useless  as  a  means  for  preventing  the  con- 
tents of  tlie  canteen  from  becoming  frozen  in  cold  weather. 

A  method  of  ])revcnting  in  hot  weather  the  contents  from  be- 
coming unpalatable,  by  reason  of  high  temperature,  is  to  apply  a  laver 
of  non-heat  conducting  material  to  the  body  of  the  ilask,  moistening 
this  material  so  as  to  prevent  the  air  from  gaining  access  to  the 
wetted  material,  thus  retarding  the  process  of  evaporation. 

A  method  for  effecting  the  desired  end,  in  cold  weather,  is  above 


HISTORY    OF    THE    .N[ILITARV    CAXTEEN'.  I5 

(k'scribod.    except    that    the    layer    ni    iKin-heal-eoiuhicliii.i;'    material 
aj)|)lie(l  to  tlie  hod}-  of  the  ilask  shouhl  not  he  nioistenecL 

Old  soldiers  of  the  U.  S.  Army  know  that  a  woolen  slocking  leg' 
pulled  over  a  canteen  helps  to  keep  the  ctjntents  cckjI,  and  the)-  also 
know  that,  in  tropical  regions,  the  evaporation  is  retarded  and  the 
canteen  contents  thus  kept  palatable,  especially  if  a  dry  cotton  stock- 
ing leg  is  pulled  over  the  wet  woolen  one. 

The  veteran  soldier,  plainsman,  scout  or  hunter,  will,  during  hot 
weather,  "dip"  his  canteen  whenever  opportunity  offers. 

The  body  of  the  metallic  flask  used  as  a  canteen  should  be  thor- 
oughly covered  with  all  wool  felt,  or  other  non-conducting  absorbent 
fal)ric,  material  or  substance,  or  by  a  combination  of  such.  The 
better  the  felt,  the  better  its  absorloent  properties,  and  the  better  are 
the  results  attained  in  any  open  air  teinperature  to  which  the  can- 
teen is  exposed. 

There  is  a  kind  of  felt,  so-called,  used  for  liiiing  horse  boots  for 
wear,  for  padding  saddles — "hair  felt"  it  is  called.  Hair  felt  is 
sometimes  wool  mixed  with  hair  of  goat,  ox,  hare,  rabbit,  musquash 
and  cotton  or  jute.  Saddler's  felt  may  be  some  wool  mixed  with 
any  serrated  edged,  jagged  or  notched  hair,  the  barbs  of  which  point 
to  the  tip  of  the  hair. 

The  piano  felt  used  on  one  pattern  of  the  Lanz  canteen  heretofore 
mentioned  is  unwoven,  clear,  all-wool,  and  weighs  about  three  (3) 
pounds  to  the  square  yard.  It  is  of  1-8,  2-8,  3-8,  4-8,  etc.,  thickness, 
but  the  thickness  alone  does  not  indicate  weight.  It  can  be  made  of 
any  reasonable  thickness.  It  is  said  by  piano  manufacturers  to  be 
made  in  different  weights,  from  one  (O  to  five  (5)  potinds  per 
square  yard. 

Another  tyj^e  of  the  Lanz  canteen  is  protected  by  a  wool  sponge 
woven  felt  fabric  ;  a  new  ileparture,  made  in  Amsterdam,  N.  Y.  Its 
efficacy  as  a  canteen  flask  cover  has  not  yet  been  fully  determined. 

Over  the  non-conducting  material  on  the  body  of  the  flask  should 
be  superimposed  an  openable  cover  of  some  close  woven  textile  fabric. 
An  advantage  of  the  partly  openable  duck,  or  canvas,  cover,  is  that  it 
facilitates  moistening  of  the  felt.  When  the  cover  is  laced  up  over 
the  moistened  felt,  evaporation  is  retarded  and  the  contents  of  tlie 
canteen  kvpi  at  a  ])alatal)le  temperature  for  a  much  longer  period  of 
time  than  if  the  present  service  canteen  is  used. 

It  is  fully  recognized  that  the  determination  of  the  best  canteen 
should  rest  upon  their  use  in  the  field,  and  not  by  experimental  tests 
in  the  hands  of  officers  not  serving  with  troops.     Duraliility.  corro- 


lb 


IIISTOKV    «H'     llll':    .MII.ITAkV    CANTEEN. 


iy  the  La»^    Ca^^teerr  Co.,    C/^;ca^o.I7/.  CPr^^^^.M 


iiisTORV  oi"  Till';   Mll.lT.\K^■  rAX'ii:i:.\.  ry 

sicm.  etc.,  of  metal  llasks,  can  he  so  iletermiucd.     Facts  of  this  kind 
find  in  the  field  their  best  provinj^  ground. 

Preparations  for  war  include  tests  of  api)liances  for  war.  The 
testing"  mania  is  overdone  when  a  weary  round  of  experimenting  is 
done  to  determine  questions  that  ha\e  already  been  determined  by 
field  use. 

Somnolent  experimentation  is  out  of  place,  for  example,  with  the 
])resent  canteen,  antique  a  quarter  of  a  century  ago.  Line  officers 
who  have  been  stationed  in  New  Mexico,  southern  California  and 
Arizona,  to  say  nothing  of  Cuba  and  Porto  Rico,  know  that  a  metal 
f^ask,  used  as  a  canteen,  should  be  covered  with  a  non-conducting  sub- 
stance ;  know  that  thick  wool  felt  should  be  substituted  for  the 
"Petersham,"  or  thin  stufif,  now  superimposed  upon  the  flask;  know 
that  this  felt  should  be  kept  moist  in  a  hot  climate,  in  order  to  keep 
the  contents  of  the  flask  palatable ;  know  that  this  woolen  cover 
should  have  an  outer  cover  that  will  allow,  and  retard,  evaporation. 
No  "tests"  by  any  board  are  reciuired  to  demonstrate  these  facts. 

Description  of  tiir  Arizona  Canteen. 

The  Arizona  canteen,  cavalry  size,  weighs,  dry,  40  oz. ;  wet,  82 
oz. ;  holds  86  oz.  It  is  covered  with  common  saddler's  felt,  ^-inch 
thick,  over  which  there  is  a  canvas  cover,  whose  edges  through  a  por- 
tion of  its  circumference  are  partly  laced,  instead  of  being  stitched — 
hence  openable.  The  seams  along  the  edges  of  the  flask  are  per- 
manently stitched  from  the  nozzle  in  each  direction  for  a  few  inches. 

Originally — that  is,  in  May,  1898 — the  outer  covering  was  com- 
posed of  several  thicknesses  of  blue  flannel.  The  object  of  having 
an  openable  canvas  cover,  laced  for  a  portion  of  its  circumference, 
was  for  the  purpose  of  admitting  moisture  to  the  inside  felt  and  to 
secure  the  cooling  efl^ect  due  to  retarded  evaporation. 

The  cover  is  made  in  four  sections,  two  around  the  edge  or  cir- 
cumference, the  remaining  two  being  applied  to  each  side,  or  face,  of 
the  flask,  all  joined  by  being  stitched,  except  where  lacing  instead  of 
stitching,  is  used  on  the  circumference  of  the  flask. 

A  similar  canteen,  having  a  rigid  central  support,  was  carried  by 
me  along  the  Gila,  Colorado  and  Rio  Grande  rivers  twenty-five  years 
ago.  This  particular  canteen  also  accompanied  me,  when  mounted, 
in  the  province  of  Santiago  de  Cuba,  Ji^ine-August,  1898,  and,  later, 
in  the  province  of  Havana.  Tt  was  my  custom  to  wet  it  at  sunset, 
and  suspend  the  canteen  for  the  night.  It  ke]-)t  water  at  a  lower  tem- 
perature throughout  the  following  day  than  any  other  portable  appli- 
ance known  to  me. 


iS  IlISroRV    OF    TIIK    MILITARY    CAXTEEX. 

Cuiiiplaint  is  made  from  the  I'hilippincs  that,  the  canteens  tiscd 
there  always  flatten  after  much  usage,  the  flattening  beginning  on 
the  side  which  rests  against  the  saddle  blanket. 

Before  the  days  of  railroads  in  New  Mexico,  southern  Arizona 
and  California,  the  canteens  carried  by  us,  in  summer  time,  were  large 
enough  to  hold  about  six  pints  of  water.  Existence  depended,  some- 
times, upon  the  contents  of  a  big  canteen.  They  w-ere  so  large  that 
flattening  was  prevented,  at  the  expense  of  weight,  by  an  inside  cen- 
tral rigid  support,  made  of  the  same  metal  as  the  flask,  which  support 
was  soldered  to  one-half  of  the  canteen  before  the  halves  which  con- 
stituted the  faces  were  put  together. 

The  Parker  Canteen. 

The  Parker  canteen,  like  the  Pasteur  filter,  has  a  tube.  The  lia- 
bility of  the  filtering  tube  to  fracture  by  jolting  incident  to  carriage 
and  use,  prompts  an  objection  to  its  adoption  for  military  use  in  the 
field.  This  objection  is  based  on  the  fragile  material  from  which  the 
tube  is  made.  The  filter  tube  displaces  about  its  own  weight  of  water 
from  the  filled  canteen,  thus  limiting  the  supply  of  fluid  which  the 
canteen  would  otherwise  hold.  As  v,-ater  will  not  normally  arise 
above  its  own  level,  it  follows  that  when  the  canteen  is  only  half  full, 
the  filter  tube  is  only  half  full,  etc. 

These  canteens  are  made  of  tin,  into  the  composition  of  which 
iron  enters.  Complaint  was  made  by  those  of  the  Seventh  U.  S. 
Cavalry  who  drank  in  the  province  of  Havana,  the  Yento  spring 
water,  or  other  water  of  that  class,  that  contact  of  the  fluid  with  the 
canteen  was  followed  by  chemical  action,  oxidation,  and  that  the 
water  in  the  canteen  became  the  color  of  iron  rust. 

The  deposit  of  oxide  in  the  filter  of  the  Parker  canteen  closed  the 
pores  and  it  soon  ceased  to  be  a  filter.  The  closed  end  of  the  tube 
showed  then  a  deep  iron  rust  color  and  the  water  became  undrink- 
able. 

The  Parker  canteen  was  reported  on  from  Headquarters  Depart- 
ment of  Havana.  April  24,  1899.  ^^ter  consultation  with  officers  of  the 
Second  Squadron.  Seventh  U.  S.  Cavalry.  I  have  net  since  been 
brought  in  contact  with  troops  provided  with  any  of  the  Parker  can- 
teens. 

In  my  report  to  the  Inspector  General,  through  proper  channels, 
flated  .\pril  27.  1899.  inspection  Seventh  U.  S.  Cavalry.  I  outlined 
the  following  undeniable  principles,  viz. : 

1.  Filtration  has  for  its  object  the  removal  of  suspended  matter. 

2.  Organic  matters  adhere  to  the  surface  presented  to  the  fluid 
within  the  flask. 


IIISTORV    OK    Till-:    MILITAKV    CANTIiK^'.  I9 

3.  Water  passing  sluwly  through  it  makes  deposits  in  the  inter- 
stices. 

The  Parker  canteen  has  a  filter  tube  inside  the  llask  :  it  is  attached 
to  an  ordinary  cork  capped  with  a  cap  of  hard  rubber  material  having 
a  removable  cap,  and  a  drink  is  obtained  by  suction,  the  fluid  percolat- 
ing through  the  filter,  which  appears  to  be  of  infusorial  earth  or 
stone. 

The  continuance  of  the  action  of  the  Parker  filter,  or  any  other 
filter  is  limited. 

Soldiers  in  the  field  will  not  find  it  practicable  to  clean  the  Pas- 
tuer,  Parker,  Berkfield  or  any  other  kind  of  filter  made  of  infusorial 
earth. 

If  the  Parker  filter  is  not  cleaned,  it  clogs,  and  soon  ceases  to  be  a 
filter. 

For  these  reasons,  apart  from  its  friable  nature,  it  is  the  opinion 
of  Captain  Luther  R.  Hare,  Seventh  U.  S.  Cavalry,  and  of  the  other 
officers  of  the  Seventh  U.  S.  Cavalry,  formerly  on  duty  in  Cuba,  that 
the  Parker  filter  does  not  possess  sufficient  merit  to  warrant  a  further 
trial  by  U.  S.  troops. 

The  tube  alone  weighs  eight  (8)  ounces.  The  flask  weighs  six- 
teen (i6)  ounces,  holds  about  56  ounces,  avoirdupois,  of  water,  less 
the  amount  displaced  by  the  filter.  The  latter  is  5-I-  inches  long; 
diameter,  i  inch. 

Experience  is  a  safe  guide.  Filters  were  numerous  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  civil  war,  and  the  volunteers  bought  filters  numerously 
at  the  begining  of  the  Spanish-American  war.  They  were  service- 
able for  a  while,  but  campaign  exigencies  relegated  them  to  the  list  of 
non-essentials,  where  plainsmen  and  old  hunters  had  already  placed 
them. 

The  objections  to  the  Parker  filter  for  use  in  a  military  canteen, 
aside  from  its  weight,  clumsiness,  etc.,  are  that  it  is  brittle  and  liable 
to  fracture,  particularly  when  moist.  A  crack  becomes  a  structural 
imperfection.  It  cracks  easily.  Unless  cleaned  and  sterilized  fre- 
quently, the  pores  of  the  filter  become  filled  with  organic  matter, 
which,  decomposing,  becomes  offensive  and  a  good  culture  bed  for 
micro-organism. 

The  objection  that,  after  some  use,  it  will  become  a  breeding 
ground  for  bacilli  and  germs,  is  a  vital  one. 

The  Parker  filter  is  not  capable  of  efficiently  removing  bacteria 
and  other  micro-organisms  from  water.  Frequent  cleaning  by  hot 
wet,  or  hot  dry,  process,  is  necessary.  These  processes  are  not 
always  practicable  by  soldiers.    Cleaning  by  brushing  will  wear  away 


20  IIISTOKV    (il-     I  111:    MII.ITAKV    f.\  NTBF.X. 

llir  IiiiiiL;io  of  ImIk'.     Siuli.  in  any  case,  will  i\>A  cleanse  below  the 
iKirliiiii  tiiiulK''!. 

Till-:  Ai.r.MiMM  C'an'ti:i:n.  6o  (>/...  (jick.vian  Covior. — Tup:  Kakls- 
Kiiii:  (JKRMAN   Ai.r.MixrM   CaNT1£EX. 

Throtigli  the  courtesy  of  Messrs.  George  and  William  Lanz,  183 
Lake  street,  Chicago,  111.,  I  have  been  furnished  with  two  aluminum 
canteens,  one  having  a  capacity  of  sixty  (60)  ounces  ;  the  other  forty- 
tliree(43)  fluid  ounces,  both  flasks  fabricated  in  Karlsruhe,  Baden, 
Germany.  The  large  flask  has  a  German-made  felt  cover — no  canvas 
— weight,  including  carrying  strap,  fourteen  (14)  ounces.  The 
medium  flask  has  a  Lanz  cover,  and  inner  cover  of  the  kind  patented 
by  Mr.  Lanz,  August  14,  1900;  weight,  fifteen  (15)  ounces.  Cuts 
of  the  two  are  shown  herewith,     (pp.  115.  10.) 

These  canteens  were  tested  by  me  in  the  open  air,  in  conjunction 
with  others.  In  the  first  tests  made,  each  flask  w'as  filled  to  its  full 
capacity.  In  the  subsequent  tests,  the  amount  of  water  in  each  w^as 
the  same,  this  in  ortlcr  to  e(|nalize  conditions  as  much  as  possible. 

Till-:    DLnuouK    Stamping  and   Enamel   Canteen,    with    the 

Parker  Filter. 

It  is  understood  that  this  is  a  naked  metal  flask,  coated  inside  and 
outside  W'ith  some  kind  of  agate,  vitrified,  glazed,  incrysted,  porce- 
lained,  lava,  granite  or  annealed  ware.  If  it  chips  like  the  enameled 
agate  ware  used  in  furnishing  officers'  mess  chests,  its  use  will  be 
dangerous  if  the  chips  are  swallowed.  In  coinposition  it  is  under- 
stood to  resemble  the  kind  of  ware  commonly  used  in  cooking  uten- 
sils. This  type.  viz. :  uncovered  metal,  is  merelya  thing  to  carry  fluid 
in  without  pretending  to  keep  the  fluid  at  a  palatable  temperature. 

Whatever  canteen  is  adopted,  it  is  essential  that  the  flask  be 
covered  with  a  non-conducting  fabric  or  substance. 

The  lower  part  of  the  neck,  or  nozzle,  or  mouth-piece,  of  the 
Dubuque  Enamel  canteen  forms  a  right  angle  with  the  side-band  of 
the  flask,  and  so  cuts  away  the  filter  part  of  the  Parker  tube,  expos- 
ing the  center  metal  rod.  This  cutting  away  causes  the  friable  mat- 
ter of  which  the  filter  is  composed  to  break  away  from  the  rod.  The 
jolting  incident  to  transportation  would  probably  cause  it  to  disinte- 
grate, if  used  in  the  Dubuque  Enamal  canteen,  owing  to  the  mechani- 
cal construction  of  the  neck  of  the  flask. 

A  dealer  in  white  enamel  ware,  manufactured  in  Sweden,  .states 
that  that  process  of  enameling  is  like  that  pursued  in  this  country  in 
painting  bicycle  frames  and  then  burning  on  the  paint. 


HISTOKV    Ol"    Till':    MILITARY    C.\NTE£X. 


21 


WoUr  Car+   V  CUir 
Jo.1^     !'-♦    1898. 


Ceni^tif  mm  hy  Irfvnirj .  I/.  3. /It my,  /s/6. 


22  HISTORY   OF    THE    MILITARY    CANTEEN. 

lie  has  for  sale  utensils  made  of  the  ware,  iron  hase,  white  enamel, 
and  says  that  they  will  stand  the  test  of  tire  without  fusing;  in  fact, 
that  eolTee  could  he  hoiled  in  any  of  the  utensils ;  hut  admits  that  the 
ware  will  chip,  little  fragments  hreak  oiY,  thus  exposing  the  iron  hase  ; 
rust  then  sets  in.  unclerminmg  the  rest  of  the  glaze,  enamel,  vitreous 
coating  or  material  used  to  give  the  metal  a  porcelain  or  agate  coat- 
ing. Makers  of  hath  tubs  have  had  the  same  trouble  in  making  the 
enamel  stick  to  the  metal. 

The  material  which  enters  into  the  canteen  made  by  the  Dubuque 
Stamping  and  Enamel  Company  may  be  of  some  such  combination 
ware  as  the  Swedish  lacquered  or  glazed  ware.  If  it  is,  a  proposition 
from  a  would-be  contractor  to  furnish  such  canteens  for  military  use 
would  incite  the  condemnatory  sense  and  sentiment  of  practical 
soldiers. 

The  Dubuque  Enamel  canteen  is  not  so  good  as  the  present  type  of 
regulation  canteen.  Tests  have  proved  its  worthlessness,  except  to 
carry  water  in.  Its  shape  is  about  identical  with  the  wood  canteen, 
or  water  bottle,  contemporaneous  with  our  second  war  with  England. 
The  modern  canteen  is  not  of  circular,  but  of  oval,  gourd,  oblong, 
bottle,  or  flask  shape. 

The  Newark.   Xew  Jersey,  Ali'mixum  Canteen   Fla.sk. 

The  Xew  Jersey  Aluminum  Company,  Newark,  N.  J.,  submitted 
to  me  for  test  three  samples  of  their  aluminum  canteen  flask.  (See 
"M,"  "N"  and  "O"  Test  Tables,  pp.  64).  All  are  of  circular  fig- 
drum,  or  cheese-box  shape.  The  mouth-piece  appears  to  be  soldered 
on  ;  its  diameter  is  considerably  less  than  that  of  the  orifice  in  the 
side  piece  of  the  flask,  and  it  is  a  separate  piece  of  aluminum ;  the 
side-rings  are  inserted  in  ears  riveted  to  the  flask.  Each  flask  appar- 
ently consists  of  eight  pieces,  the  rivets  not  being  counted,  including 
the  wire  loops.  The  finish  is  such  that  no  seams  are  visible.  The 
firm  claims  that  the  flasks  are  made  without  the  use  of  solder.  Thev 
are  not  provided  with  covers  or  stoppers.  One  face  is  flat,  perhaps 
slightly  concave,  the  other  face  being  convex. 

The  aluminum  canteen  flask,  made  by  the  Newark,  N.  J.,  Alum- 
inum Company,  and  covered  by  the  Lanz  method,  f-inch  felt,  and 
openable  canvas  cover  (termed  in  test  tables  p.  64,  canteen  '"F"), 
underwent  thirty-four  tests  by  me,  on  as  many  diflerent  days.  It  has 
on  each  side  a  flat  piece  of  the  same  metal,  aluminum,  riveted  to  the 
flask.  This  flat  piece  is  doubled  and  bent  so  as  to  make  a  loop  in 
which  there  turns  a  bent  piece  of  looped  wnre.  which  serves  to  attach 
the  hook,  or  snap,  of  the  canteen  strap  to.     Three  rivets  are  used  in 


HISTORY    01"    Tllli    MILITARY    CANTEEX.  2^ 

each  flat  piece  ;  no  soldering  visible ;  length  of  rivets,  unknown.  No 
leakage  occurred  during  any  of  the  tests  at  the  points  where  rivets 
were  used. 

Eyelets  of  the  outer  canvas  cover,  Lanz  method,  are  reinforced 
on  the  inside  by  a  bit  of  canvas,  folded  double.  The  all-wool  felt 
used  as  the  inner  jacket  consists  of  two  pieces,  each  cut  with  a  beveled 
edge  in  order  to  give  the  jacket  a  snug  fit  where  joined.  These  pieces 
are  neatly  secured  together  by  stitching  of  copper  or  aluminum  wire. 

This  firm  writes  as  follows :  We  are  in  receipt  of  your  valued 
favor  of  the  14th  instant,  together  with  the  enclosure  of  the  various 
tests  of  canteens.  We  observe  that  two  of  ours  proved  leaky,  while 
the  others  bursted.  We  also  take  note  of  the  fact  that  other  canteens 
fared  no  better.  These  tests  are  indeed  valuable  to  every  manu- 
facturer of  canteens,  and  you  may  rest  assured  that  if  given  another 
opportunity  we  are  still  in  the  race.  We  think  that  we  would  know 
how  to  make  a  canteen,  and  confess  that  we  think  your  tests  rather 
severe.  We  especially  observe  your  remark  of  a  canteen  of  the  oval 
type,  concaved  on  the  side  which  comes  next  to  the  body,  and  convex 
on  the  outer  side,  to  hold  48  fluid  ounces.  To  prove  to  you  that  we 
can  make  such  canteens  (in  fact,  we  have  made  flasks  of  just  that 
]:)articular  type),  we  are  forwarding  to  you  one  under  separate  cover, 
which,  by  the  way,  you  need  not  return  if  you  care  to  keep  it.  There 
is  but  one  hitch  in  this  particular  canteen,  that  is  to  fasten  the  rings 
1)y  which  the  canteen  is  carried.  Just  as  soon  as  we  attempt  to  rivet 
there  it  makes  the  weakest  point  in  the  canteen.  We  may,  however, 
find  some  other  way  to  overcome  this.  We  should  very  much  like 
to  send  you  one  of  the  requisite  size,  but  as  there  is  considerable 
expense  connected  therewith  to  produce  it,  we  hesitate  until  we  hear 
further  from  you.  You  can,  of  course,  readily  understand  that  each 
and  every  manufacturer  competing  in  this  matter  is  desirous  of  ob- 
taining an  order  with  some  profit  to  himself.  It  is,  therefore,  we 
speak  as  we  do  ;  we  prefer  for  the  present  not  to  make  the  larger  size, 
which  we  know  would  be  perfect,  especially  if  made  of  one  piece  as 
you  suggest.  Now,  if  you  think  it  would  pay  us  to  go  into  it  and 
make  the  dies  and  tools  for  producing  a  canteen  of  that  kind,  we  are 
willing  to  take  the  chances  as  regards  the  test,  but  if  there  are  no 
prospects,  we  would  very  much  thank  you  to  tell  us  so. 

Thanking  you  kindly  for  having  given  us  the  opportunity  to  look 
over  the  tests,  we  remain,  etc. 

The  Revmond  &:  Gottlop.  Aluminum  Canteen. 

Some  of  the  canteens  to  which  the  consideration  of  the  mililary 
men  art-  invited  are  picnic  affairs,  suited,  perhaps,  for  a  tourist,  nr  a 


24 


IllSTUUV    OF    Till-:    -MILITARV    CANTEEN. 


bicyclist  on  a  summer  outing,  but  not  adapted  in  construction,  shape, 
capacity,  durability  or  rigidity  for  military  purposes. 

Of  this  class  is  the  aluminum  canteen,  retail  price,  $1.50,  sold  by 
Messrs.  Reymond  &  Gottlob,  831  Broadway,  N.  Y.  Its  weight,  in- 
cluding cover,  is  8  oz.  It  is  of  circular  shape,  fig-drum,  cheese-box 
appearance,  covered  with  a  single  thickness  of  what  may  be  felt. 
Dimensions,  6  in.  diameter,  21  in.  deep.  It  is  not  seamless;  flask 
not  of  one  piece.  It  is  said  to  be  spun.  No  solder  is  said  to  be  used. 
The  felt  covering  buttons  upon  the  outer,  or  convex,  base  of  the 
flask  by  flat-headed  glove-buttoning  fastenings,  and  the  sling,  %  in. 
wide,  is  of  strap  leather.  It  is  doul)tful  whether  the  button  fastening 
method  would  be  durable. 

Being  filled  to  its  capacity  (29  fluid  ounces)  with  water  having  a 
temperature  of  94  degrees  F.,  it  was  exposed  with  others  in  the  open 
air  at  a  temperature  varying  from  4  degrees  F.  to  10  degrees  F. 
At  the  end  of  four  hours  the  contents  dropped  to  32  degrees.  After 
an  exposure  of  six  hours,  the  contents  were  frozen,  and  it  leaked  in  all 
succeeding  tests. 

Its  resisting,  or  non-conducting,  properties  are  about  the  same 
as  the  Government  regulation  service  canteen,  ordnance  pattern, 
which  is  protected  by  "Petersham"  (or  shoddy  felt),  and  canvas 
cover.  Perhaps  it  should  be  rated  a  little  above  the  Karlsruhe,  Baden. 
Gemianv,  aluminum  canteen  when  covered  by  the  single  felt  German 
method. 

Messrs.  Reymond  &  Gottlob  are  importers  of  aluminum  fancy 
goods  and  novelties,  branch  at  109  Fulton  street,  factory,  T15-121 
East  Thirteenth  street.  New  York.  The  firm  writes  as  follows : 
"We  can  make  the  desired  canteen,  provided  it  is  ordered  in  fair- 
sizetl  quantities,  and  if  you  could  submit  a  sample  of  one  you  think 
the  most  useful,  we  would  be  thankful  to  you.  We  have  no  connec- 
tion with  any  European  house,  and  would  not  know  what  is  desired 
for  your  purpose. 

We  truly  believe  that  our  canteen  is  superior  to  any  one  in  the 
market  and  has  no  equal.  As  to  durability,  it  outlasts  any  one.  besides 
being  as  pure  as  gold,  and  will  not  rust  or  change  any.  and  think  it  is 
the  most  useful  thing  for  the  army. 

We  are  very  anxious  to  have  you  make  a  trial,  and  kindly  ask 
you  to  report  to  us  the  results.  Further,  wish  to  say  that  we  have  sold 
these  to  a  good  many  officers  of  the  U.  S.  Army,  and  everv  one  has 
given  our  canteens  the  highest  praise. 

We  have  tried  over  and  again  to  get  the  Government  interested 
in  the  same,  but  there  seems  to  be  a  hitch  somewhc-e  which  we  can- 
not explain. 


HISTORY   01'    THE    MILITARY    CAXTEEX. 


25 


7%i>rce  of  iVaLes  Metai/Ca  F^as^,  sha^eci  to  /"itt^e pzrson , 
>vrt^  JSauof?Qt  top  n'A/c/r  caf?^ot  iecoyf?^  detac?ie^ . 
Cofoaciiy  v33  f/uvel/  (fiances.  6uimiited  iif  t^z  lar??i: Catti^e^r Co., 


2(3  iii.^r(M<v  (Ji    nil-:  militakv  canteen. 

W  «.■  i;uaranKv  cvcrv  oiic  of  ours  in  be  water-tight,  and  even 
soldering  eau  lie  (lime  nil  them." 

riii:  I'kestox  FiKEi)  Ratio.n  Mess  Kit. 

tiradnally  the  armies  of  the  world  are  adopting  aluminum  for 
mess  Uits,  and  the  Ordnance  Department  of  the  U.  S.  Army  has  for 
a  number  of  years  been  testing  the  qualities  of  aluminum  for  this 
purpose.  Owing  to  the  Cuban  and  Philippine  wars,  these  tests  have 
been  somewhat  delayed,  but  during  the  last  year  the  department  has 
issued  to  the  service,  for  trial,  one  thousand  sets  of  the  Preston  Mess 
Kit. 

This  kit  was  patented  March  3,  1896,  by  Lieutenant  Guy  11. 
Preston,  U.  S.  A.,  and  is  made  by  the  Scovill  Manufacturing  Com- 
pany, W'aterbury,  Conn.    The  retail  price  of  same,  complete,  is  $4.50. 

-V  glance  at  the  illustrations  will  demonstrate  the  improve- 
ment in  compactness  and  convenience  over  any  kit  now  in  use.  Being 
made  wherever  possible,  of  aluminum,  it  has  the  additional  advantage 
of  increased  lightness,  and  strength  as  well.  Its  weight,  with  cover, 
is  2  lbs.  5  oz.  The  only  metals  used  in  any  way  are  aluminum,  tin 
and  iron,  so  that  no  injurious  salts  can  be  formed  by  corrosion. 

Following  is  a  description  of  articles  of  which  the  kit  is  com- 
posed : 

The  Ciiiitccii  Proper. — This  has  a  capacity  of  little  over  three 
pints.  It  is  made  of  heavily  coated  tin,  soldered  at  its  joints.  Tin  is 
used  rather  than  aluminum,  because  as  yet  no  satisfactory  solder  has 
been  found  for  aluminum,  and  the  canteen  could  not  well  be  made 
without  joints.  The  cork  has  a  cap  of  aluminum  to  keep  the  corners 
from  crumbling  when  inside,  and  cannot  be  lost  because  of  a  chain 
and  bar  wiiich  hang  on  the  inside  of  the  canteen. 

Fryi)ig  Pail. — This  is  made  of  aluminum  with  a  heavily  tinned 
steel  handle,  which,  when  packed,  swings  back  on  a  hinge  and  lies 
flat  on  the  bottom  of  the  pan.  A  very  ingenious  and  durable  device 
with  a  sliding  pin.  which  cannot  be  lost,  is  used  for  holding  the  handle 
in  position  when  in  use.  The  pan  is  about  i  inch  in  depth  and  fits 
over  the  side  of  the  canteen  when  in  the  canvas  cover.  This  frving 
pan  has  a  cover,  which  is  its  counterpart  in  size  and  shape,  and  fits 
over  the  other  side  of  the  canteen  when  inside  of  the  canvas  cover. 
This  may  lie  used  as  another  cooking  pan  or  serving  dish.  It  has  no 
handle,  but  may  be  locked  tightly  over  the  top  of  the  frving  pan, 
thus  making  a  case  for  carrying  rations  or  may  be  slipped  loosely  over 
the  frying  pan.  thus  making  a  fine  baker. 

C///>  or  Sauce  Pan. — This  is  made  of  aluminum  with  a  heavilv 


HISTORY    OF    THE    MILITARY    CANTEEN.  2/ 

ti^incd  steel  liaiuUc,  which,  when  packed,  closes  within  the  cup.  When 
in  use.  a  small  gravity  catch  keeps  the  handle  in  its  proper  position. 
The  cup  is  strongly  reinforced  where  the  handle  is  riveted  on,  so  that 
tlie  weight  of  its  contents  will  not  work  it  loose.  This  cup,  when 
packed,  slips  over  the  bottom  of  the  canteen,  which  it  fits  snugly. 

Canvas  Cover. — This  is  very  strongly  made  of  the  best  brown 
canvas.  A  strong  canvas  strap  with  an  adjoining  buckle  is  securel\- 
sewed  about  the  bottom  end  of  the  cover.  This  cover  may  also  be 
furnished  with  D  rings,  when  desired,  to  take  the  regular  cavalry 
carrying  strap  issued  by  the  Quartermaster's  Department.  The  top 
of  the  cover  is  laced  tight  about  the  canteen,  leaving  but  the  neck- 
exposed.  Inside  is  a  double  lining  of  gray  felt,  which  is  secured  to 
canvas.  This  is  to  keep  the  water  cool.  The  aluminum  pans  are  also 
a  help  in  this  respect,  as  aluminum  is  a  bad  conductor  of  heat.  A 
pocket  is  sewed  to  the  inside  of  the  canvas  to  hold  the  knife,  fork 
and  spoon,  which  are  made  of  steel,  very  heavily  tinned  and  silver 
plated.  Being  made  of  steel  they  are  strong  and  can  easily  be  kept 
sharp,  and  being  tinned  they  do  not  become  rusty. 

Captain  W.  C.  Brown,  First  V.  S.  Cavalry,  is  quoted  as  stating 
that :  "The  Preston  Mess  Outfit  is  very  convenient  and  suitable  for 
officers'  use.  but  the  aluminum  sheet  used  for  the  frying  pan  and 
plate,  are  rather  too  thin  to  withstand  the  rough  usage  which  they  will 
get  in  the  hands  of  enlisted  men." 

Till".  Co\\i.i:s  Caxtkkx. 

Name  of  inventor,  John  T.  Cowles.  224  East  Washington  street, 
Chicago,  Ilk.  alleged  to  have  assigned  same  to  Mr.  George  Lanz,  183 
Lake  street,  Chicago,  a  manufacturer  of  leather  goods,  and  who  has 
furnished  ordnance  leather  equipments  to  the  Ordnance  Department 
U.  S.  Army,  also  to  English  forces  now  in  South  .Vfrica. 

This  invention  relates  especially  to  army  contracts  for  the  use  of 
foot  and  mounted  soldiers,  but  may  be  adapted  as  well  for  large 
water  receptacles,  such,  for  example,  as  may  be  used  for  carrying  a 
temporary  supply  of  w'ater  for  horses  in  cavalry  and  artillery  service. 

The  object  of  the  invention  is  to  provide  means  for  more  efifectu- 
ally  preserving  the  temperature  of  water  either  in  hot  or  cold 
weather.  For  individual  use,  the  flask  of  the  canteen  is  of  the  usual 
double  convex  type.  It  is  a  canteen  in  conil)ination,  basing  its  merits, 
in  part,  U])on  the  physical  i)rinciple  of  convection.  A  covering  of  fib- 
rous material  is  ap])lied  to  the  llask  and  impregnated  with  a  non-heat- 
conducting  material.  There  is  a  tilling  of  corrugated  fibrous  paper 
interpcsed  between  the  fibrous  covering  and  spaced  apart   from  an 


28  iirsiom'  {ti-  'nil',  mhjtaun'  caxti-:kn. 

oukT  ri_i;i(I  shell,  which  encloses  the  whole.      Ihe  walls  of  ihe  she!- 
have  rii;i(l  supports.    The  shell  has  a  textile  cover. 

The  canteen  is  provided  with  the  usual  nozzle  and  chained  sto])- 
per.  The  materials  used  to  impregnate  the  felt,  or  other  fihrous 
material  used  as  a  cover  to  the  flask,  are  said  to  he  sulphate  of  alum- 
inum, common  salts,  and  sulphate  of  ammonia,  or  the  three  mixed. 
It  is  stated  that  the  inventor  does  not  desire  to  he  limited  to  these 
particular  sul)stances,  as  there  are  many  materials  which  may  be 
applied  to  a  fibrous  carrNing  substance  with  greater  or  less  efficiency, 
the  process  being  to  conveniently  impregnate  the  fibrous  material  by 
saturating  it  with  a  solution  of  the  substance  and  then  drying  it  out. 

The  covered  fiask  is  encased  in  a  shell  of  sheet  metal,  spaced 
apart  from  the  fibrous  cover,  so  as  to  leave  an  air  chamber.  To  the 
case  there  is  applied  the  usual  fibrous  jacket,  and  this,  in  turn,  is 
enclosed  by  means  of  a  canvas  cover  which  is  openable  through  a 
portion  of  its  circumference,  the  seam  along  the  edge  of  the  fiask 
being  ]KM-mancntly  stitched  from  the  nozzle  in  each  direction  for  a 
short  distance  and  through  the  remainder  of  the  circumference  of  the 
llask  being  closed  by  lacing,  so  that  the  canvas  cover  may  be  opened 
for  the  purjwse  of  admitting  moisture  to  the  fibrous  material,  whereby 
the  cooling  effect,  due  to  evaporation,  is  secured. 

See  "Lanz  Canteen"  for  this  form  of  laced  canvas  cover. 

The  shell  has  a  cross-rib  support  applied  to  its  inner  face  central 
as  to  the  sides  of  the  flask  and  hearing  against  the  fibrous  cover,  so 
that  the  shell  will  not  be  easily  indented.  The  corrugated  paper  used 
as  filling  is  impregnated  with  a  non-heat-conducting  material.  One 
form  of  the  shell  of  the  Cowles  canteen  is  corrugated,  the  corruga- 
tions being  arranged  meridianally  as  to  the  shell  and  being  of  maxi- 
nuun  depth  across  its  equator  and  disappearing  at  its  polar  portions. 

The  inventor  claims  that  by  the  use  of  the  outer  covering  of  felt 
protected  by  a  close  woven  fabric,  such  as  canvas,  the  benefit  is 
secured  of  the  long  continued  effect  due  to  slow  evaporation,  the  felt 
having  been  saturated  when  the  canteen  is  full. 

The  canteens  heretofore  made  have  proved  inadequate  as  to 
means  for  keeping  the  water  sufficiently  cool  to  be  palatable  in  hot 
climates.  For  this  reason Ihc  expedient  named  is  supplemented  in  the 
canteen  forming  the  subject  of  this  mention,  by  the  metallic  casing 
enclosing  the  flask  in  such  manner  as  to  form  with  the  walls  thereof 
an  air-space.  The  advantage  gained  by  this  construction  is  decidedlv 
augmented  by  the  layer  of  fibrous  material  applied  directly  to  the 
flask,  and  by  but  partially  filling  the  air-space  between  it  and  the 
casing,  this  fibrous  material  being  itself  a  good  non-conductor  of 
heat.  Init  being  rendered  far  more  cfificient  in  this  regard  by  being 


jiisToin'  oi-    rill-;   M  iLi'iAin'   cA.\i'i:i:\".  29 

iniprcgnatcfl    with    tln'   suhstancrs   nauuMl,    wliirli   possess   very   low 
condiKiivit}-. 

15)'  supplcnit'iUiiiL;' iIk'sc  fealurcs  with  the  corrui^alcd  [japer  placed 
W'ith  the  air-space  named,  a  I'urllier  marked  advantage  is  secured, 
not  only  because  of  the  efficacy  of  the  paper,  especially  when 
impregnated  with  the  materials  named  above  as  non-conductors,  but 
because  of  the  sub-division  of  the  air-space  into  numerous  cells, 
thereby  preventing  the  circulation  of  air  and  the  consequent  trans- 
mission of  heat  by  convection. 

The  principle  of  the  invention  is  not  limited  to  this,  or  any  other 
canteen  form,  but  is  equally  applicable  to  a  tlask  or  tank  of  any 
shape. 

The  Laxz  Caxteex. 

Name  of  inventor,  William  Lanz.  an<l  manufacturer,  Mr.  ( ieorge 
Lanz,  183  Lake  street,  Chicago,  ill. 

The  canteen  is  one  of  the  few  articles  of  equipment  that  the  prop- 
erly trained  soldier  will  never  i)art  with.  Every  question  in  war 
should  be  considered  in  the  aspect  of  what  men  can  do,  and  will  do, 
wdien  fatigued.  Mr.  George  Lanz  is  a  reputable  wholesale  manu- 
facturer and  contractor  for  leather  goods.  He  has  made  a  large 
number  of  saddle  bags,  pistol  holsters,  etc.,  for  the  Ordnance  De])art- 
ment,  U.  S.  Army,  and  for  the  liritish  service. 

This  invention  relates  to  army  canteens  and  the  like,  and  its  ol)ject 
is  to  provide  such  a  cover  for  the  sheet  metal  flask,  of  wdiich  such 
articles  are  usually  composed,  that  it  will  more  etTectually  prevent 
changes  of  temperature  of  the  contents  than  has  heretofore  been 
accomplished.  The  usual  reliance  for  acomplishing  this  object  has 
been  a  jacket  of  a  substance  called  felt,  or  of  a  mixture  of  cotton  or 
jute  mixed  with  wool,  called  felt,  covered  with  canvas,  which  jacket 
is  so  intended  that  by  the  process  of  evaporation  the  contents  of  the 
flask  will  remain  cool. 

This  means  for  preventing  the  contents  of  the  flask  from  becom- 
ing warm  has  been  inadequate  because  the  outer  covering  of  the  can- 
teen has  usually  been  of  finely  woven  canvas,  or  like  fabric,  which  is 
very  nearly  water-proof,  and  hence,  although  w-ater  may  have  been 
poured  upon  the  canteen,  or  the  latter  may  have  been  dipped  into 
water,  the  moisture  would  not  penetrate  the  canvas  covering,  and 
b.cnce  the  inner  lining  of  cotton  and  jute  mixed  with  wool  felt  would 
remain  dry. 

The  form  of  construction  now  in  use  by  the  L'.  .'~>.  Army  also  is, 
of  course,  practically  valueless  as  a  means  of  preventing  the  contents 
of  the  canteen  from  becoming'  frozen  in  cold  Aveathcr. 


30  iiisi(n<v  OF  Till-:  .military  caS'teen. 

(  )iK'  ftiiin  i)|'  ihe  I. .1117.  iiixciuion  consists  in  covorint;'  llic  llask 
with  a  material,  or  a  layer  of  materia],  having;  a  low  licat-conductinj^' 
characlcr.  and  placing"  over  the  layer  an  envelope  of  water-proof 
material,  so  tliat  the  inner  layer  will  never  hecome  wet;  upon  this 
envelope  is  snperini])Ose(l  the  usual  jacket,  or  jackets,  of  fihrous 
material,  such  as  felt,  and  this  in  turn  is  covered  with  canvas  or  sim- 
ilar textile  fahric.  closely  woven,  so  that  it  is  almost  impervious  to 
water. 

This  outer  cover  is  openable,  its  seam  being  in  part  formed  by 
lacing,  so  that  it  may  be  readily  opened  for  renewal  or  for  the  pur- 
pose of  permitting  moisture  to  freely  enter  the  felt  jacket  when  the 
canteen  is  immersed  in  water. 

The  invention  consists  further  in  making  the  canteen  with  one  of 
its  sides  flattened  or  slightly  concave. 

Drawings  illustrating  this  invention,  side  elevation,  edge  view 
and  transverse  section,  are  in  the  possession  of  the  inventor  at  Xo. 
183  Lake  street,  Chicago,  111.     (See  page  31.) 

The  flask  is  the  usual  rounded  double  convex  form,  except  that 
one  of  its  sides  is  made  slightly  concave,  so  that  it  may  rest  more 
easily  ujwn  the  hip  of  the  user  when  slung  from  the  shoulder.  The 
flask  is  provided  with  the  usual  nozzle  closed  by  a  stopper  jirovided 
with  a  chain  and  ring. 

.\.  layer  of  non-heat-conducting  material  is  applied  to  the  body  of 
the  tlask.  preferably  granular  cork  is  used  for  this  purpose,  and  it 
may  be  secured  to  the  canteen  by  first  coating  the  latter  with  a  suit- 
able cement  and  then  sprinkling  the  cork  upon  it  while  the  cement 
is  moist ;  or  the  cork  may  first  be  molded  into  a  shell  adapted  to  fit 
snugly  against  the  side  of  the  flask.  Other  forms  of  the  Lanz  can- 
teen omit  this  layer. 

This  layer  of  material  is  enclosed  in  an  envelope  of  water-proof 
material.  I'or  this  i)urpose  oilcloth  is  preferably  used,  though  any 
material  which  will  prevent  water  from  gaining  access  to  the  cork- 
will  serve. 

I'pon  the  envelope  is  superimposed  a  layer,  or  layers,  of  fibrous 
material,  preferably  felt,  and  this,  in  turn,  is  encased  in  felt,  wool. 
canvas  or  other  fabric.  This  cover  is  made  in  two  sections,  one 
applied  to  each  side  of  the  flask,  the  two  being  joined  by  a  seam  which 
may  be  pertiianently  and  closely  stitched  from  the  nozzle  part  wav 
round  the  canteen :  but  through  a  considerable  portion  of  this  seam. 
preferably  exceeding  one-half  of  the  circumference  of  the  canteen, 
lacing  is  used. 

In  use.  the  lacing  is.  or  may  be,  opened  after  the  flask  is  filled. 


msTuKv  oi'  Tin:  .miljiakv  canteen. 


31 


G 


32  IIIS'I"()K\'    Ol-     Till.     MII.IIAin'    CAXTEIiX. 

■  iiid  llir  c;iiU<cn,  if  the  water  or  wcatluT  he  warni.  is  tlu.ii  iiii'iiersed 
ill  water  so  llial  (lie  felt  jaeket  may  lieeitiiie  lliorout^diK  saturated. 
The  lacing"  is  now  drawn  tightly  so  as  to  prevent  the  air  fr<jm  gain- 
ing access  to  the  felt,  and  thcrehy  the  ])rocess  of  evaporation  is 
greatly  retarded,  so  that  under  ordinary  circiunstanees  the  felt  will 
continue  moist  for  a  numljer  of  hours. 

The  layer  of  cork,  or  other  material,  prevents  the  heat  from  pass- 
ing through  the  walls  of  the  flask  when  the  temperature  of  the  felt 
jacket  is  raised  ahove  that  of  the  contents  of  the  canteen,  so  that  the 
water  remains  cool  and  palatahle  for  many  hours  after  the  flask  is 
filled. 

The  office  of  the  water-proof  envelope  is  to  prevent  the  layer  of 
non-heat-conducting  material  from  becoming  weighted,  and  hence,  in 
time.  foul,  and  also  to  prevent  the  metal  of  which  the  flask  is  formed 
ivom  corroding. 

In  cold  weather  the  felt  is.  of  course,  not  moistened,  and,  being, 
when  dry,  an  effective  non-conductor  of  heat,  it,  with  the  inner  layer 
of  cork,  or  similar  material,  will  prevent  the  liquid  within  the  can- 
teen from  parting  with  its  heat  for  a  considerable  period,  so  that  he 
danger  of  freezing  is  greatly  lessened. 

While  the  cc^nstruction  heretofore  mentioned  may  be  preferable 
tti  any  other,  the  water-proof  layer  of  non-heat-conducting  material 
may  be  omitted  and  the  jacket  of  fibrous  material  be  applied  directly 
to  the  body  of  the  flask,  enclosing  it  within  the  canvas  cover  which 
is  openable  for  the  purpose  of  admitting  moisture  to  the  felt,  and 
may  then  be  closed  by  lacing,  so  as  to  greatly  retard  the  process  of 
evaporation.  Many  of  our  old  soldiers  have  learned  that  a  woolen 
stocking  leg  pulled  over  a  canteen  helps  to  keep  the  contents  cool. 

An  English  patent  of  1884  describes  a  canteen  with  a  felt  cover- 
ing anil  a  leather  cover  laced  over  it.  An  Italian  patent  of  1871 
refers  to  a  felt  and  flannel  laced  cover  for  a  canteen.  It  is  claimed 
that  neither  of  these  can  accomplish  what  is  claimed  for  the  canteens 
made  by  Mr.  George  Lanz.  183  Lake  street,  Chicago.  111.,  viz.:  Re- 
tard the  evaporation.  Experimental  tests  have  been  made  by  Mr. 
Lanz  demonstrating  varying  and  relative  results,  using  a  canteen 
w  ith  a  leather  cover,  with  a  tlannel  cover,  with  a  canvas  cover. 

The  merits  of  the  Lanz  made  canteen  are  that  it  will  keep  cool 
water  at  a  low  temperature,  reiluce  high  temperatured  water  to  a 
drinkable  temperature,  or  warm  liquid  at  a  high  temperature,  longer 
than  any  other  canteen  now  in  use  bv  any  militarv  po\ver. 

These  results  are  accomplished  by  enveloping  or  casing  the  can- 


HISTORY    ()|-    Till-:    MILITARY    CAXTEEX.  33 

teen   with  a  nou-coiKhictiiii;'  sul)si;iiicc.  such   as  wool,  felt,  curk  or 
i^ramilatcd  cork,  souictinics  in  conjunction  with  a  certain  cement. 

Another  device  of  liis  manufacture  is  to  encase  the  protected  can- 
teen by  an  outer  shell  of  metal,  there  beings  an  air-space  between  the 
shell  and  the  enveloped  canteen.  The  shell  is  held  away  from  the 
canteen  by  two  beveled  cork  buffers.  These  bufTer  heels  also  protect 
the  canteen.    The  whole  is  then  covered. 

It  is  designed  that  each  soldier  shall  carry  one,  suspended  by  a 
strap  from  the  shoulder,  to  carry  cool  water,  hot  coffee,  or  whatever 
beverage  may  be  obtainable  on  the  march  or  in  the  field. 

Tt  is  claimed  that  the  drinkable  properties  of  the  liquid  continue 
for  a  longer  period  than  bv  any  other  device  patented,  or  used,  by 
any  army. 

The  Lanz  canteen  is  not  a  tin  flask  enveloped  with  a  thin  mixture 
of  cotton,  wool  or  jute,  then  canvas  covered. 

The  patentee  makes  the  canteen  of  aluminum,  and  also  of  various 
other  metals,  or  combinations  of  metals  ;  likewise  of  wood,  paper 
pulp,  caoutchouc,  etc. 

In  shape,  the  circular  form  is  generally  preserved,  but  one  face  is 
convex,  the  other  being  concave.  When  slung,  the  concave  face  is 
next  to  the  body  of  the  wearer.  A  filter  may  be  fastened  to  the  noz- 
zle or  mouth,  if  desired.  The  capacity  may  be  from  three  pints 
upward,  same  as  model.  Ordnance  pattern,  U.  S.  Army.  Tlie  cavalrv 
model  canteen  is  of  larger  capacity  than  the  one  designated  for  the 
equipment  and  transportation  of  foot  soldiers. 

The  weight  of  the  Lanz  canteen  is  about  six  (6)  ounces  in  excess 
of  the  U.  S.  canteen  of  the  same  capacity,  forty-six  (  4C) )  thiid  (unices 
of  water,  being  twenty  (20)  ounces  of  avoirdupois. 

The  following  tests  are  reported  by  him.  live  (5)  canteens  being- 
used  : 

first  test.  No.  T,  U.  S.  canteen,  as  issued  by  Ordnance  Depart- 
ment. No.  2,  Lanz  canteen^  No.  3,  another  Lanz  canteen.  Tem- 
perature of  hydrant  water  with  which  each  canteen  was  filled,  fifty- 
five  (55)  Fahrenheit.  Exposure  at  rest,  115.  Time  of  exposure.  6 
hours.  Results:  No.  i.  V.  S.  canteen,  94.  No.  2,  Lanz  canteen.  76. 
No.  3.  Lanz  canteen,  72. 

Second  test.  No.  i.  U.  S.  canteen,  as  issued  by  Ordnance  Depart- 
ment. No.  2,  Lanz  canteen.  No.  3.  Improved  Lanz  canteen.  Tem- 
perature of  water  at  time  of  filling  each  canteen,  55  Fahrenheit. 
Canteens  suspended  at  rest  and  exposed  for  5  hours  to  a  temperature 
of  135.     The  exterior  surface  of  each  canteen  was  dry  before,  and 


_^  I  Ilisroin     <i|      I  111      MILITAkV    CAXTEEN. 

fliiiiii};.  llic  Ifsl.     Ki'Siilis  :     Xo.  I ,  L'.  S.  niililary  canlecn.  i  i.^.     XO.  j. 
Lau/.  caiiffc'ii.  <;o.     Xo.  3.  Improvofl  Lanz  canteen,  (S4. 

Third  U'sl.  Xo.  1,  I'.  S.  canteen,  as  issued  by  (  )r(lnance  Depart- 
ment. No.  2.  ] braided  Lanz  canteen,  ^vct.  Xo.  3,  Braided  Lanz 
canteen,  dry.  X'o.  4,  Arizona  canteen,  cavalry  size,  dry.  Xo.  5, 
1 'raided  Lanz-Cowles  canteen,  granulated  cork  cased,  dry.  Tem- 
perature of  water  when  each  canteen  was  filled,  55  Fahrenheit.  All 
canteens  suspended  remained  at  rest  during  test.  Time  of  exposure 
to  a  temperature  constantly  of  136  Fahrenheit,  5  hours.  Results: 
-Xo.  I,  r.  S.  canteen,  104.  Xo.  2  Braided  Lanz  canteen,  wet,  92 
Xo.  3,  liraided  Lanz  canteen,  dry,  94.  No.  4,  Arizona  canteen, 
cavalry  size,  dry,  92.  (Memorandum :  The  quantity  of  water  in  the 
Arizona  canteen  was  double  that  placed  in  any  of  the  other  canteens.) 

Mr.  Lanz  has,  he  states,  tested  made  coftee,  also  tea,  just  off  the 
fire,  in  his  canteens,  and  then  placed  them  in  an  ice-chamber — and 
claims  that  for  use  in  the  winter  season,  Arctic  regions,  etc.,  the  non- 
conducting properties  of  his  canteens  have  demonstrated  like  superior 
relative  value. 

He  states,  also,  that  he  has  attached  various  canteens  to  men  on 
the  march,  to  horses,  moving  bicycles,  railway  cars,  etc.,  thus  assimi- 
lating to  conditions  of  actual  service,  with  results  proving  the 
superiority  of  his  inventions.  One  of  his  canteens  is  made  of  cor- 
rugated material. 

In  this  connection,  attention  is  invited  to  my  report,  dated  20  Jan.. 
1899.  from  Headquarters,  ist  Division,  2d  Army  Crops,  Camp  Mac- 
kenzie, Augusta,  Ga.,  reiterating  previous  recommendation  that  can- 
teens should  be  covered  with  felt,  or  wool,  inside  the  canvas  cover. 

It  is  now  recommended  that  wdiatever  canteen  be  adopted — the 
flask  be  thoroughly  covered  with  wool,  felt,  flannel,  or  by  a  non-con- 
ducting fabric,  or  substance. 

The  Lanz  canteen  is  based  on  rational  principles.  The  improve- 
ments in  the  .service  canteen  have  not  kept  pace  with  the  developments 
in  every  other  portion  of  the  equipment  or  accoutrement  of  our 
soldiers:  they  have  suffered  needlessly  because  not  provided  with 
canteen  which  would  keep  water  at  a  drinkable  temperature  in 
tropical  regions  and  during  the  heated  season. 

Hence  it  is  recommended  that  a  thousand,  or  more,  be  ordered,  for 
issue,  trial,  practical  use  in  the  field,  and  special  reports. 

Further,  that  the  attention  of  the  Chief  of  Ordnance,  also  of  the 
P.oard  of  Fortification.  Ordnance,  and  Equipment,  be  invited  to  the 
device. 

.\  defect  of  tlie  T.  S.  canteen  is  tliat  the  covering  will  not  retain 


HISTORY    or    TIIi:    ^[ILITARV    CWXTEEX. 


35 


MeiaZ/fc  f/asTc,  oapacf6y  32  /^/u^c^  o^ .  Scrett/-  to^ 
thz  /otver  Jra/f  of  the   ^he//  of  t^e  f/aaTc  t-s  re/vouai/e 
fo/"  use  as  cl  dynnk/zy  cup.  St^'im/iieai  lu  the   Lat^^ 
Ma^tKfactc/in'fff  Co.j    C/f/ca^o  ///. 


^6  IIIMiiin     III      MM.    M  II.IIAKV    C.WTEE.V. 

moisliiiT  ill  Im'I   w  t;illi(  t.  liciicc  (■•Milcnts  nl   rantccii  lucnnK-  iinpala- 
lablo. 

M  r.  '  ic'oriL^v  I  ,aiiz  rlaiiiis  : 

1.  Ill  combination,  a  ilask.  a  layer  of  low-heat-conducting  char- 
acter cuverinij  the  flask,  a  waterproof  envelope  for  such  coverinj:^;  a 
jacket  of  fibrous  material  superimposed  upon  the  envelope  and  an 
openablo  cover  of  close  woven  textile  fabric  for  the  jacket. 

2.  In  a  canteen,  in  com])ination,  a  tlask,  a  layer  of  granulated 
cork  covering  the  flask,  a  waterproof  envelope  for  such  covering,  a 
jacket  of  fibrous  material  superimposed  upon  the  envelope,  and  a 
canvas  cover  for  the  jacket,  such  cover  being  composed  of  two  sec- 
tions joined  together,  in  part,  by  lacing. 

3.  In  a  canteen,  in  combination,  a  flask,  a  jacket  of  uninter- 
ruiMed  absorbent  material  therefor,  and  an  openable  cover  for  the 
jacket  made  of  close  woven  fabric. 

4.  He  claims  the  herein  described  method  of  retarding  the  rise 
of  temperature  of  a  liquid  in  an  environment  of  a  relatively  higher 
temperature  consisting  in  enclosing  the  liquid  in  a  flask  moistening 
the  exterior  of  the  flask  and  retarding  the  evaporation  of  such 
moisture. 

Some  of  his  canteens  are  protected  l)y  felt  1-8  of  an  inch  in 
thickness  ;  some  by  2-8-inch  felt ;  some  by  3-8-inch  felt ;  some  by  4-8- 
inch  felt. 

Some  have  1-8-inch  layer  of  granular  cork:  some  2-8-inch  cork; 
some  3-8-inch  cork  layer  next  the  flask. 

Some  have  both  felt  and  cork  of  varying  thickness  over  the  flask 
— but  all  of  the  patterns  of  Lanz  canteens  have  outside,  the  canvas 
laced  up,  openable  cover.  He  claims  to  use  only  the  best  imported 
l)iano  felt. 

.\t  Camp  Lake  \'iew,  Minn.,  during  the  week  19th  to  27th  July, 
1900,  some  tests  of  the  Lanz  canteen  as  compared  with  the  V.  S. 
canteen  as  at  present  issued  by  the  Ordnance  Department,  I'.  S.  A., 
were  made  by  Asst.  Surgeon  Asa  Friend  Goodrich,  Medical  Corps, 
X.  Ci.  S.  M..  and  1st  Lieut.  Wm.  Arthur  Carleton,  ist  Regt.  Infantrv. 
X.  C.  S.  AL 

The  Lanz  canteen  was  the  property  of  Capt.  Wm.  H.  Hart, 
r.rigade  Quartermaster,  Minnesota  National  Guard. 

I  was  present  at  some  of  the  tests  and  loaned  what  T  call  my 
.\rizona  canteen  to  be  tested  with  the  other  canteens  named. 

One  of  the  tests  involved  carrying  a  canteen  attached  to  the 
saddle  and  carried  for  several  hours  in  a  hot  sun  on  a  horse  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  receive  warmth  from  the  bodv  of  the  horse. 


IIISTOKY    OF    THE    MILITARY    CAATEEX.  37 

The  following  is  a  copy  of  the  endorsement  of  the  Lanz  canteen 
hy  Capt.  W.  H.  Hart.  Reports  were  also  made  by  Dr.  Goodrich  and 
Lieut.  Carleton  : 

"Camp  Lake  View.  Lake  City,  Minn..  Jul\'  29.  1900.  Mr.  George 
Lanz,  Manufacturer  and  Patentee  Lanz  Canteen.  183  Lake  Street, 
Chicago,  111.  Sir :  I  am  satisfied  that  when  a  metal  flask  containing 
water  is  covered  with  felt  that  has  been  saturated  with  water  and  the 
felt  then  covered  with  canvas  that  is  laced  up  tight  so  as  to  minimize 
the  access  of  air.  the  retarded  evaporation  operates  to  keep  the  con- 
tents of  the  flask  palatably  cool  for  a  longer  period,  and  at  a  lower 
temperature,  than  by  any  other  process  known  to  me.  The  higher 
the  atmospheric  temperature  the  better,  so  long  as  the  felt  is  kept 
moist. 

"You  sent  me  for  test  and  trial  one  of  your  canteens.  The  flask 
held  about  forty-five  (45)  fluid  ounces.  It  had  a  layer  of  granulated 
cork  stuck  on  to  canvas  and-varnished,  I  think.  Over  that  layer  was 
a  felt  cover  about  a  cjuarter  of  an  inch  thick.  Over  that  was  an  open- 
al)le  canvas  cover  laced  up  like  Colonel  Reade's. 

"The  Government  canteen  cover  is  of  flimsy  material  and  cannot 
absorb  nearly  as  much  water  as  a  canteen  covered  w  ith  fine  piano  all- 
wool  felt. 

"I  caused  two  otificers  of  the  Minnesota  National  Guard  to  con- 
duct a  series  of  tests  of  your  canteen  at  this  place  a  few  days  ago,  as 
compared  \\ith  the  L'.  S.  Government  canteen  as  issued  by  the  Ord- 
nance Department,  U.  S.  A. 

"Col.  Reade's  canteen,  the  one  he  used  in  June-August,  1898,  in 
Santiago  de  Cuba,  was  borrowed  for  comparati\e  test  by  these  two 
officers.  His  canteen  was  covered  with  common  saddler's  felt  covered 
with  a  laced  canvas  cover. 

"Every  care  was  exercised  to  make  the  conditions  uniform  ;  all 
canteens  were  filled  at  the  same  time;  ([uantity  of  water  in  each  the 
same :  immersed  fairly ;  same  exi)osure ;  one  thermometer  used  in 
testing. 

"My  personal  judgment  is  based  upon  the  results  of  those  tests, 
and  you  can  refer  to  me  as  one  who  condemns  the  present  Govern- 
ment canteen  and  would  like  to  see  it  superseded  by  the  Lanz  canteen. 

"For  what  sum  per  hundred  can  you  recover,  liy  your  process,  the 
U.  S.  canteens  now  in  the  hands  of  the  Minnesota  National  Guard? 

''^^^^"^^•^  W.H.Hart. 

"Captain  and  brigade  Ouartermaster, 
"National  Guard,  State  of  Minnesota." 


-^S  lll^^llK^    III    Tin;   .\iii,n.\in'  (  an  rf:i:.\. 

In  wiliK'Ssinj;  llicsc  icsIn.  .scvrral  (|ULstioiis  were  m  niy  mind: 
For  use  in  tropical  rej^ions — 

1.  Dill  till'  inner  cork  jacket  of  one  form  of  Lanz  canteen  do  any 

2.  I  )iil  the  \vateri)roof  hiyer  (  oilcloth,  resin,  cement,  (;r  varnish}, 
uhate\er  the  suhslance  mi,<;ht  he,  nsed  to  protect  the  inner  layer,  do 
anv  i^ood  ? 

,V  Was  the  Lanz  theory  of  havint,^  next  to  the  llask  a  layer  of 
material  having  low  heat-conducting  properties  covered  with  a  water- 
proof suhstance  in  order  to  prevent  water  from  gaining  access  to 
the  cork  jacket,  correct  ? 

4.  If  the  inner  jacket,  so  isolated,  aided  to  keep  the  contents  of 
the  llask  palatahle,  was  it  commensurate  with  the  enhanced  cost  and 
weight  ? 

5.  Would  it  not  he  better  to  discard  this  inner  jacket  and  sub- 
stitute a  like  amount  in  weight  of  fibrous  or  textile  material,  as  in 
the  Arizona  canteen  which  has  the  felt  material  applied  directlv  to  the 
llask  ? 

L'sing  five  (5  )  Lanz  canteens,  and  two  (2)  U.  S.  A.  canteens,  as 
issued  by  the  Ordnance  Department,  I  have  since  witnessed  the  fol- 
lowing test : 
No.  I.  Lanz  canteen,  cover  3-8-inch  gran,  cork  ;  also  3-8-inch- felt  and 

canvas  cover. 
Xo.  2.  Lanz  canteen,  cover  1-8-inch  gran,  cork  ;  also  2-8-inch  felt  and 

canvas  cover. 
Xo.  3,  Lanz  canteen,  cover  i -8-inch  gran,  cork  ;  also  3-8-inch  felt  and 

canvas  cover. 
Xo.  4,  Lanz  canteen,  co\er.  no  gran,  cork  ;  3-8-inch  felt  antl  also  can- 
vas cover. 
Xo.  5,  Lanz  canteen,  cover,  no  gran  cork  ;  1-2-inch  felt  and  also  can- 
vas cover. 
Xos.  7  and  8.  I  .  S.  Ciovernment  canteens  as  issued  at  present. 

The  seven  canteens  were  filled  with  water  of  the  same  tempera- 
ture— ri6  degrees  F..  and  at  the  same  time. 

Quantity  of  water  in  each  Lanz  canteen,  one  45,  one  46  ounces. 
All  seven  canteens  were  immersed  in  water  for  the  same  length 
of  time — about  fifteen  minutes — after  the  lacing  of  each  of  the  Lanz 
canteens  had  been  loosened. 

The  laces  in  the  Lanz  canteens  were  then  tightened  up  again  and 
all  seven  canteens  suspended  above  the  roof  of  a  four-storied  buihl- 
ing.  where  full  circulation  and  exposure  to  air.  light  and  beat,  with- 
out contact,  was  maintained  for  six  (C^^  consecutive  hours.     P.eside 


iii.si(jKN'  oi-    I'lii-;   .\lll.^lAK^■  caxteex.  39 

each  canteen  hung  a  thermometer,  from  which  hourly  reachngs  were 
taken  and  outside  temperature  noted  and  recorded. 

At  9  o'clock  a.  m.,  temperature  was  90  degrees  F. 
At  10  o'clock  a.  m.,  temijcraturc  was  94  degrees  F. 
At  1 1  o'clock  a.  m.,  temperature  was  93  degrees  F. 
At  12  o'clock  ni.,  temperature  was  97  degrees  F. 
At  I  o'clock  p.  m.,  temperature  w^as  98  degrees  F. 
At  2  o'clock  p.  m.,  temperature  was  99  degrees  F. 
At    3  o'clock  p.  m.,  temperature  was  99  degrees  F. 

After  these  six  (6)  hours'  exposure,  the  contents  of  the  canteens 
showed  tem])erature  as  follows  (a  thermometer  had  been  inserted  in 
each  canteen)  : 

Lanz  canteen,  Xo.  i,    jj  degrees  Y. 

Lanz  canteen,  No.  2,  78  degrees  l*". 

Lanz  canteen  No.  3,    78  degrees  F. 

Lanz  canteen.  No.  4,     78  degrees  F. 

Lanz  canteen,  No.  5,    yj  degrees  F. 

U.  S.  canteen,  100  degrees  I"". 

ir.  S.  canteen,  102  degrees  F. 

On  another  occasion,  three  (3)  canteens  were  tested,  viz.: 

Lanz  canteen,  No.  i. 
Lanz  canteen,  No.  4. 
L^.  S.  Government  canteen  as  issued. 

These  three  canteens  were  filled  with  water,  66  degrees  F.,  a.id 
placed  on  the  roof  of  a  high  building,  so  that  one  flat  side  of  each 
canteen  was  exposed  to  the  sun  for  seven  (7)  consecutive  hours, 
from  8.30  a.  m.  to  3.30  ]).  m.  A  thermometer  was  placed  beside  each 
canteen  and  also  inserted  into  each  one  after  the  seven  hours'  ex- 
posure. 

The  tem[)erature  was  n(jted  as  follows: 

8.30  a.  m.,  outside  temperature.  95  degrees  1'. 

9.30  a.  m.,  outside  tenijierature,  105  degrees  V . 

10.30  a.  m.,  outside  tem]X'rature,  115  degrees  !•". 

11.30  a.  m.,  outside  temi)erature,  120  degrees  V. 
12.30  p.  m.,  outside  temperature,  125  degrees  F. 

1.30  p.  m.,  outside  temperature,  125  degrees  V. 

2.30  p.  m..  outside  temiicr.'itnre,  120  degrees  V . 

3.30  p.  m..  outside  temperature.  115  degrees  V . 


40 


iiisroKV  oi'   I 


i:   Mii.riAUV  cA.\"ri:i:x. 


Trest/e  s/rotvf/7f  open  air  rf^e67tod^  o/^  t-zsi/^ry 
Caf7tec/?3  a.6  //e.a.oiQuarix.r5J?epart^e,t7i,ofMa7raia., 


IIISTUKV    Ol"    Till-:    MILITAKV    CANTEEN. 


41 


I  have  ])ei"soiially  mack-  the  following  tests,  conducting  same  from  my  olfice,  Army 
Building,  St.  Paul.  Minn, 

TEST  No.  1. 


Kind  of  Canteen 


Weight 

of 
Canteen. 


Dry  I  Wet 
oz.    I    oz. 


No. 

I, 

No. 

2, 

No. 

3» 

No. 

4. 

No. 

5. 

U.  S.  Government 

Lanz,  single  cork  and  g-incli  felt,  can- 
vas outside 

Lanz,  2-inch  felt,  canvas  outside 

Reade,  Arizona,  saddler's  felt,  canvas 
outside 


40 


24  j^  40 

40      82 


Holds 
ounces. 


45 

46 

45 

46 

86 


Temper-  Temper- 
Absorb-  ature  of    .iturc  of 
ent      I   Water     Water  at 
Capac-I     when      ConcUi- 
ity.      placed  in    sion  uf 
Canteen.      'Jest. 


3/3 

76 
76 

15  ^ 

76 
76 

42 

76 

90 
92 

76 
76 


Outside  temperature:—  9  a.  ni.,  75  deg.  F. 
10  "  86  "  F. 
II"  92  "  F. 
12  m.,        94     "     F. 

1  p.  ni.     76     "     F. 

2  "         93     "     F. 

3  "         89     "      F. 

Canteens  suspended    over  ronf.      The    exterior  cover    of  each  canteen  was    wet 
before  making  the  test.      Time  of  e.\jK>»ure,  at  rest,  si.\  (6)  hours. 


TEST  No.   2. 


Kind  tif  Canteen. 


Weight  of 
Canteen. 


Dry    Wet 
ozs. 


No.  I,  U.  S.  Government 16 

No.  2,     "  "  [15 

No.  3,  Lanz,  single  cork  and  ^s-htch  felt,| 

canvas  outside ,25 

No.  4,  Lanz,  ^'4! -inch  felt,  canvas  outside..  24^ 
No.  5,  Reade,  Arizona,  saddler'sfelt,  can- 
vas outside 40 

Lanz,  XXX  tin,  single  cork,  ^-inch 
with  waler])oof  covering,  ^-inch 
felt.  (Loaned  by  Dr.  A.  F.  Good- 
rich)  [24 

Lanz,  X.XXX  tin,  ^-inch  felt,  no 
cork,  canvas  cover.  (Loaned  by 
Dr.  A.  F.  (Joodrich) 


N 


Xu. 


40 
40 

82 


54>^ 


Holds 
ounces 

Absorb- 
ent 
Capac- 
ity. 

45 
46 

45 
46 

15 

^5  A 

86 

42 

45 

io;4 

45 

8 

Tempera- 
ture of 
Water 
when 
placed  in 
Canteen. 

64 
64 

64 
64 

64 


64 
64 


Tempera- 
ture of 

Water  at 
Conclu- 
sion of 
Test. 


89 

7« 
76 


76 


80 


Outside  temperature: —  9  a.  m.,  80  deg.  V.     i  p.  m.,  90  deg.  F. 
ID    "         74     "     F.     2     "        93     "     F. 

11  '•        83     "     F.     3     ••        92     "     F. 

1 2  m. ,       90     "     t . 

Canteens  suspended  at  rest,  above  roof,  where  free  circulation  and  e.\pi)sure  to 
sunlight  and  heat,  without  contact,  was  maintained  for  six  (6)  consecutive  hours.  The 
outer,  or  canvas,  cover  was  saturated  before  making  the  test. 


42 


IIISIOKV    <)|-     llll-;    .\III.|•1'AK^■    CANTKKX. 

TEST  No.  :;. 


Kiiiil   of  C'aiitcuii. 


Nil.   1,1-  I^-  (iovermnciit 

No.  2,      " 

No.  3,  Lull/,    I 

N...  4.      "        i 

No.  5,  Rciulc,  ; 

No.  3,  Lan/,     I 

N<..  4,      "         I 


\silcsuiil)C(l  ill  Tcsl  No.  2 


1 

Trmpera- 

Tempera- 

Weight ot 

'Absorb- 

ture  of 

ture  of 

Canteen. 

Holds  1      ent 

Water 

Water  at 

ounces.  Capac- 

when 
placed  in 

Conclu- 

Dry   Wet 

sion  of 

ozs.  1  ozs. 

1 

Canteen. 

Test. 

' 



72 

94 

72 

96 

7X 

72 

76 

As 

111 

Test     No.   2. 

1 

72 
72 

80 
78 

! 

72 

75 

OuUiilclcinpcrature:—  8  a.  m.,  76  deg.  F.  i  ]\  111.,  93  <leg.  F. 

9     "         82     "  F.  2     "         92     "     l". 

10     "         90     "  F.  3     "         90     "     F. 

II"         92     "  F.  4     "         88     "     F. 

12  111.,        93     "  F. 

Ciuilcens  suspended  at  rest  above  roof,  where  free  circulation  and  exposure  to 
sunlight,  without  contact  with  one  another,  was  maintained  for  eight  (8)  consecutive 
hours.     Covers  were  wet  before  making  test. 


TEST  No.    I. 


Kintl  of  Canteen. 


No.  I.  I'.  S.   ("loveniincnt . 


I  Weight  of  1 
Canteen.       Holds 


Dry    Wet 
ozs. 


No 

No 

No 

No 

N  1.  ?,  I, an/., 

N...  4,      •' 


2,  

3,  Lanz,     I 

4,  "         I 

5,  Reade,  ]•  As  descrii)e(l  in  I  est  No.  2 


As 


Test 


Tempera- 

Tempera- 

-Absorb- 

ture of 

ture  of 

ent 

Water 

Water  at 

Capac- 

when 

Conclu- 

ity. 

placed  in 

sion  of 

Canteen. 

Test. 

78 

92 

78 

93 

78 

77 

78 

76 

No.  2. 

78 

76 

•      78 

76 

78 

76 

<)iit>idc  tciiipcraturc.  aiul  tcinjieralure  of  water,  each  liour,  in  each  canteen, 
tluring  Test  No.  4. 


8  a 
o 
lo 

1 1 

12  11 


Outside 

CAN  I'liliN 

I'empcrature 

No.  I. 

No.  2. 

No.  3. 

78 

No.  4. 

No.  5. 

No.  3. 

No.  4- 

72 

78 

1      78 

78 

78 

78 

78 

83 

75 

!    76 

78 

78 

74 

77 

78 

^? 

7>S 

/.•> 

78 

78 

76 

76 

78 

86 

7t' 

76 

76 

76 

74 

76 

78 

•^7 

/  / 

1    79 

77 

76 

76 

76 

78 

S9 

82 

86 

76 

76 

75 

75 

76 

88 

89 

'     9« 

76 

76 

73 

75 

76 

88 

92 

i     92 

77 

76 

76 

75 

76 

Ss 

92 

!  93 

77 

76 

76 

76 

76 

t.  .uiuin.>  .Mi>pcndcd  at  rest  aliove  roof,  where  free  circulation  and  exposure  to  sun- 
li^;ht.  without  contact  with  one  another.  \\:is  niainiainod  f.>r  eight  (8)  consecutive 
hoir         ' '        ■  ^  wiMO  drv  liefore  niakin-j  tc^t. 


iiisT(jR\'  111"   rm:  .mii.itarv  t".\.\"n-:EX. 


43 


TEST  No.  5. 


Kind  of  Canteen. 


No.  I,  U.  S.   Goveriimciil I 

No.  2,       "  " 

No.  3,  i^aiiz,     I 

No.  4,      "         I 

No.  5,  Rcade,  J- Asdescribcil  in '1  Csl  Nt>.  2. 

No.  3,  J. an/.,     | 

No.  4,      "         J 

No.  I  A,  U.  S.  Government 

No.  2A,      "  "  

No.  3A.      "  "  J 

Til)  Flask  (not  covered) 


Tempera- 

Tempera- 

%V eight  ot 

ture  of 

ture  of 

Canteen. 

Holds 

ent 

Water 

Water  at 

Capac- 

when 

Conclu- 

Dry 

Wet 

ity. 

placed  in 

sion  of 

ozs. 

ozs. 

Canteen. 

Test. 

80 
80 
80 
80 

104 

»o3  ^ 

80 

As 

in 

Test 

No.  2. 

80 
80 
80 

81 
80 
80 

14 

20 

48 

6 

^5+ 

90 

14 

20 

48 

6 

85t 

90 

14 

20 

48 

6 

85t 

86 

48 

6 

85t 

92 

"Contents  spilled  before  conclusion  of  test. 

tThese  canteens  were  exposed  one  hour  only,  from  3  to  4  o'clock  p.  m. 

tCantcen    No.  3  A,    is  a  U.  S.  (iovcrnmcnt  canteen  having  a  leg  of   a  woolen  stocking  pulled 
over  its  covering. 


( )utsidc  iL-niperaturc,  and  leniperature  of  water,  eacli  hour,  in  each  canteen 
during  Test  No.  5. 


CANTEEN. 

IK.ur. 

Outside 

No. 

No. 

No. 

No. 

No. 

No. 

No. 

No. 

No. 

No. 

'Jin 

Temp. 

I. 

2. 

3- 

4- 

5- 

3. 

4- 

lA. 

2A. 

3A. 

Flask 

8  a.  in 

7P 

80 

80 

80 

80 

80 

80 

80 

9     "    .... 

84 

78 

78 

79 

80 

80 

79 

78 

10     "    

88 

78 

7« 

78 

80 

80 

79 

78 

II     '■    

91 

80 

79 

80 

80 

80 

80 

80 

12  ni 

94 

81 

8.S 

80 

82 

81 

81 

82 

I  )>.  ni.  .  .. 

100 

2      " 

100 

3         

100 

102 

103 

82 

82 

81 

81 

8.S 

8.=; 

8.S 

85 

4    "   .... 

97 

104 

103 

80 

81 

80 

80 

90 

90 

86 

92 

Wind,  ten  miles  an  hour  during  this  test.     Canteens  were  in  constant  motion. 
Four  ounces  of  water  taken  from  each  canteen  every  hour  for  the  first  four  hours. 


TEST  No.   (J. 


Kind  of  Canteen. 


No.  I,  L'.  .S.  (iovcrnmcnt 

No.  2,      "  •■  

No.  3,  Lanz,       | 

No.  4,      "  1 

No.  5,  Keadc,    |- .\sdcscrii)cd  in  I  oi  No.  2 

No.  3,  Tanz,       | 

No.  4,       "  j 

No.   i.V,  l).  .S.  ( Kivcrnmeut 

No.  2 A,        "  "  

N!--3A,       •'  '•  

1  la  1"  lask  (not  covered) 


Weight  of 
Canteen. 

Holds 
ounces. 

Dry 

ozs. 

Wet 

ozs. 

Absorb- 
ent 
Capac- 
ity. 


.■\s|  giveln  in  T  ests 
I    No  s.  2  an  <l  5. 


U'empera- 

tiire  of 

Water 

when 

placed  in 

Canteen. 

76 
76 
76 
76 

7^' 
76 
76 
76 
76 
76 
7  6 


Tempera- 
ture of 
Water  at 
Conclu- 
sion of 
Test. 

98 
98 

82 
80 
80 
82 

S2 

oS 
98 
84 
<|S 


^4  IIISroKV    OK     Tin;    .\illJTAKY    CANTEEN'. 

<>ul>iilc  ti.-m|)riatuif,  ;iii(l  trmpi-ratuic  of  water,  oai:h  hour,  ii.  each  caiitcfii, 
iluring  Test  No.  6. 


CANTEEN. 

Hour. 

No. 

No. 

No. 

No. 

No. 

No. 

No. 

No. 

No. 

No. 

•Jin 

cmp. 

I. 

2. 

3- 

4- 

5- 

3- 
76 

4- 
76 

lA. 

2A. 

3A. 

Klask. 

S  ii.  111. . . 

«3 

76 

76 

76 

76 

76 

76 

76 

76 

76 

9   "  ... 

7« 

72 

72 

74 

74 

7.S 

76 

74 

7« 

74 

74 

80 

lO    "   ... 

82 

72 

72 

74 

74 

7S 

7"; 

7S 

80 

7.S 

74 

84 

II  •'  . . . 

86 

74 

7S 

74 

7S 

7=; 

7S 

76 

82 

7« 

74 

86 

12  111 

86 

7« 

82 

74 

7S 

7'? 

7S 

76 

«.S 

82 

74 

86 

1  |i.  in  . . . 

90 

84 

84 

76 

76 

76 

76 

77 

86 

86 

76 

89 

2  " 

92 

89 

90 

7ii 

7« 

77 

7« 

79 

90 

90 

80 

92 

3  "     • 

<)4 

94 

94 

80 

80 

7« 

80 

82 

92 

94 

82 

94 

.\     ••   ... 

92 

98 

98 

82 

80 

80 

82 

82 

92 

98 

84 

98 

iJiiringf  Test  Xo.  6.  all  of  the  canteens  were  constantly  in  motion, 
(hie  to  the  wind,  l-'verv  hour  each  canteen  was  dipped  and  four  (4) 
ounces  of  water  poured  out;  thus  the  quantity  of  water  in  each  can- 
teen was  hourly  reduced  in  hulk. 

The  advantage  of  the  cork  and  felt  comhined  as  opposed  to  an 
equal  thickness  of  felt  covering  is  scarcely  appreciable. 


l'"l   Kllll-.K    h'xi'KKl.MKNTAl.    TeSTS    AIaDE   WiTH    THE    I'.    S.    L'aNTEEN 

■  .\s\)  Tin-:  Lanz  C.vnteen. 

Tests  hy  Second  LieiUenanl  J-".  W.  llealy,  I'lighlh  Inlanlry,  and 
liy  .\.  .\.  Sin-geon  i\.  M .  l'"k-tcher.  Jr.  : 

Lieut,  v.  W.  llealy,  Eighth  Infantry,  tilled  a  canteen,  patented 
l)y  Mr.  William  Lanz,  183  Lake  street,  Chicago,  111.,  with  water; 
temperalin-e,  56  degrees  F. 

rile  canteen  was  then  placed  against  the  wire  fender,  or  spark 
arrester,  screening  the  wood  fire  of  the  open  fire-place,  and  allowed 
to  remain  there  fur  ten  (10)  hours. 

.\l  the  e.xpiraiion  of  that  time  the  temperature  of  the  water  in 
the  Lanz  canteen  was  found  to  l)e  70  degrees.  A  Government  can- 
teen, similarly  exiiosed.  had  a  tem])erature  of  S2  degrees. 

l)n  the  following  day,  Lieut.  Healy  tested  the  Lanz  canteen,  also 
a  canteen.  Ordnance  pattern,  issued  to  a  member  of  Company  D. 
F.ighth  r.  S.  Infantry,  in  the  following  wise: 

Each  canteen  was  immersed  in  water,  temperature.  56  degrees  F.. 
f(»r  about  two  minutes,  and  each  canteen  was  then  filled  with  water 
of  the  temperature  named.  The  capacity  of  the  Lanz  canteen  was 
4^)  fluid  ounces ;  that  of  the  Government  canteen  47  ounces. 

They  were  then  placed  so  as  to  receive  in  equal  proportion  the 
direct  action  of  a  wood  fire  burning  in  the  fire-place  of  the  quarters 
occupied  by  Lieut,  llealv. 


HI.STf)k^"    OF    THF.    MII.ITARV    CAXTEIiX. 


45 


Oma//  ay.e  a^fd  /ead^e/- s/i^ ci*7<l  sAeat^  for  lis  carnage 
<^r7  the  persoyr  . 


.1^1  lll-IOU'N'    <i|-     llli:     Mll.n   \lvS'    (■  AXTRF-N'. 

I'liiir  hours  laier  tiif  iritiin  raiurr  ol'  carli  tanlteii  was  lakcn  l)y 
.\c(iii|^^  Assistant  Siirt^voii  l\.  M.  I'lctchcr,  Jr.,  Post  Surgeon,  I'orl. 
Assiiniihoinc,  with  the  following  results,  viz.:  Lanz  canteen,  70 
degrees;  Government  canteen,  74  degrees. 

'I"he  canteens  were  then  thrown  into  an  army  wagon  and  trans- 
porti'd  np  r.eaver  Creek,  ten  miles  and  l)ack  ;  in  all,  twenty  (20J 
miles. 

The  (lilterence  in  temperature  was  then  found  to  be  twelve  (I2j 
degrees,  the  Lanz  canteen  Ijring  the  lower  temperature. 

The  canteens  were  used  on  the  following  day  by  a  party  of  duck 
hunters  and  jolted  around  for  several  hours  in  the  sun.  The  differ- 
ence in  temperature  was  ftnmd  to  be  twelve  (12)  degrees,  the  Lanz 
canteen  containing  the  more  palatable  water. 

I  am  informed  that  when  the  application  for  the  Lanz  patent  No. 
655979,  August  15,  1900,  was  pending,  the  Patent  Ofifice  cited,  as 
reference  against  the  claims,  the  following  patents  : 

Dritish  patents  to  Blakeny,  1163  of  1884; 

JJritish  patents  to  Sothcott,  2453  of  1878; 

Italian  i)atents  to  Bouffier,  10397  o^'  Ji-inc  23,  1879; 

American  patent  to  Hiramo  W.  Hanmore,  \Miite  Plains.  X.  Y., 
296955;  April  15,  1884; 

.\merican  patent  to  Brauer,  244374,  July  19,  1881. 

The  two  American  patents  are  said  to  be  of  the  least  importance, 
relating  simply,  Hanmore,  to  a  water  cooler  comprising  a  can  having 
its  bottom  and  side  walls  covered  with  "a  non-conducting  covering 
of  raw  silk  waste  and  calcined  or  carbonate  of  magnesia,''  and  an 
outer  jacket  of  wood;  and,  Brauer,  to  an  ice-house,  or  ice-box,  or 
refrigerator,  in  box  form,  and  having  hollow  walls  packed  with 
granular  cork,  and  having  an  outer  wall  for  enclosing  an  air  space. 

The  Sothccttt  patent  showed  a  flask  encased  in  either  felt  or 
leather.  The  low  conductivity  of  the  cover  was  the  reliance,  the 
patentee  not  depending  ui)on  evaporation  and  not  rendering  it  pos- 
sible to  practice  this  method  of  cooling  when  l.e  used  a  leather  cover, 
and  not  making  any  provision  for  retarding  the  evaporation  should 
he  saturate  the  felt  cover 

The  Bouffier  patent  discloses  a  flask  having  a  covering  of  tresses, 
or  braids,  of  cellular  sea  weed,  straw  or  paper  pulp,  including  a 
quantity  of  air.  and  an  outer  covering  of  cotton  or  linen  cloth,  or 
this  outer  covering  may  be  of  felt  or  rubber  and  made  detachable  for 
cleaning  purposes. 

The  drawings  of  this  patent   show  a  familiar  structure,  but  it 


insToRv  ov  Tin:  .military  caxtf.kx.  47 

appears  that  the  i)riiKi])lc  of  aciiDU  dcpi-iKk-d  ujxm  is  (.■iilirclv  ditVcr- 
cnl,  the  patentee  depeiidinm-  simply  upon  the  low  eondiictivity  (if  the 
material  used,  and  of  the  air  enclosed  within  its  cells,  for  keeping-  the 
contents  of  the  canteen  cool.  The  patent  gives  no  hint  of  an  evaporat- 
ing process,  nor  does  it  dcscrihe  a  construction  which  provides  for 
the  practicing  of  any  such  method  should  it  he  desired. 

The  Blakeny  patent  shows  a  flask,  preferably  of  glass,  having  an 
inner  covering  of  felt,  and  an  outer  covering  of  leather,  and  this 
outer  cover  is  shown  as  secured  by  lacing. 

Xo  advantage  can  be  secured  from  a  Blakeny  evaporation  process 
in  a  structure  made  after  the  specification  of  this  patent,  for  the  rea- 
son that  the  leather  cover  practically  wholly  prevents  evaporation. 

It  is  claimed  that  in  all  other  cases,  except  the  Lanz,  means  were 
provided  for  stimulating,  rather  than  retarding,  evaporation. 

The  only  devices  known  to  me  for  securing  the  cooling  action  by 
evaporation  may  be  divided  into  three  classes,  viz. : 

1.  Those  in  which  an  outer  envelope  is  saturated  bv  a  single 
application  of  moisture,  as  l)y  dipping  or  sprinkling,  and  is  then 
allowed  to  dry  out.  The  present  regulation  army  canteen  is  an  ex- 
ample of  this  class. 

2.  Those  in  which  an  outer  envelope  is  continuously  saturated 
by  capillary  action,  a  reservoir  being  supplied  from  which  water  is 
drawn  by  the  fabric  of  which  the  envelope  is  composed. 

3.  Those  in  which  the  receptacle  itself  has  porous  walls  through 
which  the  lif|uid  contents  of  the  receptacle  exude. 

A  distinction  between  the  Ordnance  pattern  army  canteen  and  the 
Lanz  canteen  is,  that  one  has  its  cover  permanently  attached,  and 
the  other  has  its  cover  openable.  Owing  to  this  difference,  there 
results  a  different  principle  of  action  in  practical  use  of  the  two 
devices.  It  is  impracticable  to  easily  thoroughly  saturate  the  one. 
(bus  failing  to  secure  the  benefits  of  a  prolonged  evaporative  action. 
In  the  other  it  is  entirely  practicable  to  thoroughly  saturate  by  sini- 
l)ly  unlacing  the  cover  and  dipping  the  canteen  and  then  replacing  it. 

Instances  of  the  second  type  of  coolers,  in  which  there  is  a  con- 
tinuous water  feed  to  the  jacket,  are  found  in  the  following  L'.  S. 
l^atents : 

Bernhard  Moobius.  296432,  April  8,  1884,  Chihuahua.  Mexico. 

James  Goddard  Lamb,  568259.  Sept.  22,  1896.  Wellington,  New 
Zealand. 

Kingston  Gordon,  149852,  April  21,  1874,  Richmond.  X.  V. 

John  Rutten.  102595,  May  3,  1870,  West  Chester.  Pa. 

Albert  McDowell.  424125,  March  2-,.  1800.  .^elma,  Cal. 


^|8  lli-i.M.^     Ml     Till,    MII.ITAKV    C.WTKKN. 

Ill  miiu'  (if  tlK'sc  instaiKHs  is  llif  idea  of  retarding-  evaporation 
present;  on  llie  contrary,  nuaiis  are  provided  for  stimulating  it. 
Most  contain  suggestions  thai  the  device  should  be  located  in  such 
|)osition  that  there  will  he  a  circulation  C)f  air  about  it  .so  that 
evaporation  may  be  permitted. 

The  third  type  of  coolers  is  found  in  the  following  patents: 

William  Morrow  ami  William  Symington.  415366,  Xov.  19,  1889, 
Kansas  City.  Mo. 

Richard  Kelly.  135432.  Feb.  4.  1873,  Red  Bank,  Cal. 

Charles  G.  Jordan.  273097,  Feb.  27,  1883.  Catlin,  Col. 

\'alentine  Stuyvesant,  419230,  Jan.  14,  1890,  Denver,  Col. 

Jahon  \'.  Frost,  556744,  March  24,  1896,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

The  Frost  shows  a  cooler  made  of  porous  material,  such  as  terra 
cotta.  so  that  its  liquid  contents  may  seep  through  its  walls,  which 
are  covered  with  asbestos.  This  patent  shows  an  efifort  to  retard 
evaporation  by  covering  the  asbestos  with  a  layer  of  wool  twisted 
into  cords  and  wound  thereabout.  It  is  not  a  removable  cover,  and, 
if  ap])lied  to  a  canteen,  would  operate  on  a  jirinciple  different  to 
the  Lanz. 

(  )ther  patents  are  : 

(a)    Ih-itish  patent  to  Cochran.  508,  of  1869. 

[h)    r>ritish  patent,  to  Johnson,  1972,  of  1888. 

(c)  American  patent,  to  Lazare,  36641,  of  Oct.  14.  1862. 

(d)  .American  patent,  to  Beers.  32541.  of  June  11.  1859. 

(d)  American  patent,  to  Bournum.   t,/2/^. 

(e)  American  patent,  to  Heneage.  31 154. 

(f)  American  patent,  to  Pilger.  275697. 

(g)  American  patent,  to   Roumillat,  222158. 
(g)  -American  patent,  to  Tunnions.  59875. 
(h)  American  patent,  to  Farciot.  46094. 

(h)  .American  patent,  to  Bartholomae.  32744. 
(i)  British  patent,  to  Sombart,  5963.  of  1883. 
(j)    British  patent,  to  C.irrard.  12792,  of  1889. 

(a)  h'lask  with  either  felt  or  leather  jacket.     Low  conductivity 

of  the  jacket  only  reliance  for  cooling  action. 

( b )  Flask  with  tightly  fitting  canvas  cover. 

(c)  Canteen  made  n{  leather,  rendered   waterproof,   lined   with 

tinfiMl. 

(d)  Both  relate  to  canteens  made  of  wood  and  without  covering. 

(e)  Compartment  canteen. 

(f)  Relates  to  construction   of  bucket.     Xo  onter  cover. 


iiiS'ioKN'  oi-    Till;   M  ii.i  ^.\I■;^    c  \.\  i  i.i:.\.  .|') 

(g)    Botli  relate  U)  stoppers  for  hottlfs  i.ir  canteens,  nr  the  like. 

(h)   Relate  to  the  form  of  canteen. 

(i)     I'iask    eo\ere(l    with    an    ahsorhent    material    adapted    to    he 

saturated  from  which  there  may  he  free  saturation, 
(j)   Cooler  with  a  felt  jacket,  whicli  dips  into  an  ice  or  watcr- 
tilled    receptacle,    so    as    to    carry    the    moisture    U])    l)y 
capillarv   action.      Xo   ])rovision    is    made    for   retardins;' 
the  evaporation. 
None  of  the  patents  herein  discussed  contain  claims  which  domi- 
nate the  Lanz  canteen,  and  m\'  conclusion  is  that  the  latter  docs  not 
infringe  any  existing  patent  and  that  the  rational,  mechanical  and 
ph\sical   principle   upon   which   it   is   constructed  make  it  advisable 
to  purchase  a  thousand  or  more  for  test  and  report  at  the  hands  of 
troops  now  serving  in  tropical  or  arctic  regions. 

Tests  Made  at  Fort  .Mi-:.\i)i:,  S.  1). 

On  Oct.  26,  1900,  the  Post  .Surgeon,  Fort  Meade — Samuel 
Melville  Waterhouse,  Medical  Dept..  I'.  S.  A. — began  experimental 
tests  using  the  Government  canteen,  as  issued  liy  the  Ordnance 
Dept..  V.  S.  A.,  and  the  Lanz  canteen,  patent  of  William  Lanz,  183 
Lake  St.,  Chicago,  111. 

Test  Xo.   i. 

Weight  of  tin  flask  of  Government  canteen,  empty,  12  ounces. 

Weight  of  Government  canteen,  complete,  dry,  15  ounces. 

Weight  of  Lanz  canteen,  dry.  17  ounces. 

Capacity,  fluid  ounces,  of  Government  caiUeen,  48  ounces. 

Capacity,  fluid  ounces,  of  Lanz  canteen,  40  ounces. 

A\^cight  of  Government  canteen,  after  thorough  inunersion,  17 
ounces. 

Weight  of  Lanz  canteen  after  thorough  immersion,  23  ounces. 

Weight  of  felt  covering  of  Government  canteen,  dry.  i  ounce. 

Weight  of  felt  covering  of  Government  canteen,  wet.  6  ounces. 

Weight  of  duck  covering  of  Government  canteen,  dry.  2  ounces. 

Weight  of  thick  covering  of  Government  canteen,  wet.  3  ounces. 

Temperature  of  water  when  put  into  the  canteens.  56  degrees  V. 

liotli  the  canteens  were  then  ])laced  in  a  hot  air  sterilizer  used 
as  an  incubator,  in  se]:)arate  comi)artnients,  at  40  degrees  C.  e(|ui\a- 
lent  to   100  degrees   V. 

.\fter  an  e.\])osm"e  of  one  hour,  tlie  temperature  of  water  in  each 
canteen  was  as  follows:  Governnunt  caiUeen,  <^5  degrees  1".  Lanz 
canteen,  i<S  degrees  I'. 


50 


uisioKv  (II'    nil.  mii.hauv  cAMLiix. 


.^.3>-i.J,e  .BaJt»  Oerrnory  yi.'umn4m  F/as?f  cpuered  iy  iJre  la^z 
cut  .n  thr,,  ^„ct9.  Myj;  c^/gr   Co/,<,c>iy  ^x /'/i>,e! oii..  ni  J?CA 


IIIST()K^■  III     iiii.   Mii.ii  \k^    (  AN  I  i;i:.\.  51 

TlvST     Xu.    2. 

The  canteens  were  llieii  replaced  in  ilie  incnhalur  al  ihe  .^anie 
temperature  as  above,  and  at  the  expiration  (jf  another  hour,  teni- 
])eratnre  was  as  follows:  ( lovernnient  canteen.  102  dec^rees ;  Lanz 
canteen.  95  degrees. 

After  another  hour  of  similar  exposure  the  temperature  was: 
(jovernment  canteen,    132  degrees:   Lanz  canteen.    118  degrees. 

Ti:si'  Xo.  ^^. 

Both  canteens  dry.  no  immersion,  were  filled  with  water  at  a 
temperature  of  147  degrees  and  placed  in  a  cold  storage  room  where 
the  uniform  temperature  of  38  degrees  F.  existed. 

Observations — After  first  hour.  Government  canteen,  ]  10  de- 
grees. V. 

After  first  hour.  Lanz  canteen.   1  16  degrees.  V . 

After  second  hour.  Government  canteen,  90  degrees  F. 

After  second  hour,  Lanz  canteen,    108  degrees  F. 

After  third  hour.  Government  canteen.  74  degrees  F. 

After  third  hour,  Lanz  canteen,  (;7  degrees  F. 

Test  X^o.  4. 

Conditions — The  canteens  were  filled  with  water,  the  tempera- 
ture of  which  was  50  degrees,  and  immersed  until  the  covers  were 
saturated.  They  were  then  placed  in  a  hot  air  sterilizer,  the  door 
of  which  was  kept  open.  The  thermometer  directly  in  contact  with 
the  hot  air  registered  a  tempcrattire  of  127  degrees  almost  uniformly. 

The  observations  were  as  follows  : 

-After  a  lapse  of  one  hour  the  temi)erature  was,  riovernmeni,  70 
degrees ;  Lanz,  66  degrees. 

After  the  lapse  of  two  hours,  the  tem])eratin"e  was.  Gcvennnent. 
78  degrees  :  Lanz.  y2  degrees. 

After  the  lapse  of  three  Ikhu's.  the  ttnipcvaturr  was,  ( io\ernnu'nt. 
82  degrees:   Lanz.  76  degrees. 

Trsi-  X'o.  5. 

Conditions  of  this  test  »vere  as  follows:  Canteens  were  immersed 
in  water  till  covers  were  thoroughly  saturated. 

Forty  (40)  ounces  of  water  of  56  degrees  1".  was  placed  in  each 
canteen.  The  canteens  were  then  suspended  four  inches  above  a 
radiat<M-  in  the  hos])ital.  Fort  Meade,  S.  1)..  for  eight  (8)  hours 
and  the  radiated  heat  maintained  for  that  period  Jielween  95  degrees 
J"",  and  (>X  degrees  V. 


:;>  II  i-^iiiiv'N-  (11     i*iii:   Mii,n\m-  c  wii:i:\. 

I  Ml  tlu'  la.sl  lu"  r.\|)Msiir(s  ilir  caiiU(ii>  wrvr  placed  in  direct 
«Miii;n-t  uitli  liir  ra<liat<>r,  a  miifonn  tcinjKTatnic  of  <>>)  drj^^rces 
!•'.  hciii.t,^  niaintaiiinl. 

TIk'  ohsiTN'atidiis,   iiiadi'   li(iiiil\,   show    llu-   f(j]lo\vinj;' ; 

I'lxpiration  of  tlii-  first  hour,  10:45  a.  ni..  ( iovernmciU  caiucc-n, 
(10  degrees   I'".;   Laiiz  canteen.  Go  de!L,^rees   I'". 

lv\])irafion  of  the  second  liour.  1  i  45  a.  111.,  <  iovernnient  canteen, 
()_'  degrees  V. ;  Lanz  canteen.  62  degrees  I*". 

Expiration  of  the  third  lionr.  12:45  P-  'i'--  <''>vcrnnient  canteen, 
6  ^  degrees  V. ;  Lanz  canteen,  63  degrees  1'. 

ICxpiration  of  the  fourtli  hour,  1:45  p.  ni.,  (io\eninunt  i-anteen, 
64  degrees  F. :  Lanz  canteen,  64  degrees  F. 

F.xpiration  of  the  fifth  hour,  2:45  P-  "''••  <"''^vernment  canteen, 
()4  degrees  l*". ;  Lanz  canteen,  64  degrees  F. 

Expiration  of  the  sixtli  liour,  3:45  p.  ni..  (iovernnient  canteen, 
66  degrees  F. ;  Lanz  canteen.  65  degrees  l*". 

['Expiration  of  the  seventh  hour,  4:45  p.  ni..  (iovernnient  canteen, 
74  degrees  F. ;  Lanz  canteen,  68  degrees  F. 

Expiration  of  the  eighth  hour,  5:45  p.  m..  ("in\-ernnient  canteen, 
86  degrees  F. ;  Lanz  canteen  70  degrees  F. 

Under  ordinary  circumstances  the  Government  canteen  will  keep 
water  as  cool  as  the  Lanz  for  some  hours ;  but  after  the  water 
ahsorl)ed  by  the  U.  S.  canteen  has  evaporated,  tiic  Lanz  will  keep 
water  at  a  lower  tetuperature  than  the  U.  S.  canteen. 


Ti:sr   Madi-:  at  I'okt  Sxi:i.ltx(,,  Mixx. 

P.y  Captain  A.  E.  IJradley,  Asst.  Surgeon,  L'.  S.  A.,  Post  Sur- 
geon, with  the  L'.  S.  A.  canteen  as  issued  by  the  Ordnance  Dept., 
and  the  Lanz  canteen,  patented  by  William  Lanz,  183  Lake  St., 
thicago.  ill..  Xo\-.  7  to  13.  1900: 

Da4a: 

Weight  of  the  felt  covering,  i  ounce. 

Weight  of  the  canvas  covering,  2  ounces. 

Weight  of  the  felt  covering,  6  ounces. 

Weight  of  the  duck  covering,  3  ounces. 

Weight  of  the  tin  flask,  10  to  11  ounces. 

Weight  of  (iovernnient  canteen,  dry.  13  to  15  .^mices. 

Weight  of  (iovernnient  canteen,  with  covers  on.  after  immersion 
10  minutes.  14  ounces. 

Weight  of  riovernment  canteen,  with  covers  on.  after  immersion 
12  lu>urs.  18  ounces. 


iriSTOKV    Ol     'i 


MILirxm     CANTEEN. 


53 


Capacity  of  the  ( ju\cniiiieiil  canlLcn.  42  tu  47  niinco. 
W'cii^ln  (jf  tlic  Lanz  caiitfcii.  dry,   16  ounces. 

Weight  of   the    Lanz   canteen,   wet.    10  niinuies"    inmiersii  in,   22 
ounces. 

Capacity  oi  the  Lanz  canteen,  42  ounces. 

Weight  of  canvas  cover.  Lanz  canteen,  dry.  3  ounces. 

Weight  of  canvas  cover,  Lanz  canteen,  wet,  4  ounces. 


EXPERIMENT  No.   1. 

Time  and  conditions  of  exptjsurc. — The  canteens  being  fdletl  wiili  water,  leniiicr- 
ature  54  deg.,  F.,  were  suspended  alcove  a  direct-indirect  radiator  for  eleven  (11)  lioui  >, 
and  temperature  of  air  and  each  canteen  taken  hourly.  During  the  succeeding  two 
(2)  hours  the  canteens  were  placed  in  contact  with  the  radiator.  The  following  results 
were  obtained,  the  same  thermometer  being  used: 


TEMI'EKATURE. 


Govt.  Lanz 

Canteen.  ;  Canteen. 
All  Wet.      All  Wet. 


S  a.  m . 

9     "     ■ 

10  "     . 

11  " 

12  m  . . . 


I  1^.  m . 

3  "     ■ 

4  " 

5  "     ■ 

6  "     . 


06 
70 


86 


73 

^'7 
(>S 


54 
56 
57 
5« 
60 
61 
59 
5S 
57 
57 
5^ 


54 
56 

57 
57 
59 
59 

5^ 
5^ 
57 
57 
57 


Lanz 

Canteen. 

Wit 


.\l  6  o'clock  the  canteens  were    jilaced    in     direct    '  contact  ;  with    ra 

7  1'-  111 73  72       '       66 

<S     "     80  82  70 


1  p.  m. 

2  " 

3  "  • 

4  "  ■ 

5  "  ■ 

6  "  . 

7  "  ■ 


EXPERIMENT  j  No.  2. 

Conditions  same  a^  in  ]".\  periment   No.^i. 
84  5G 


86 

60 

59 

56 

96 

t>3 

f'3 

63 

«9 

64 

(>5 

66 

94 

70 

66 

68 

92 

7- 

66 

68 

92 

/  3 

66 

68 

54 
54 
5^ 
59 
62 
62 
62 
62 
62 
61 
62 

iialtir: 
60 
74 


56 


EXPERIMENT  No.   :.'. 
'1  lie  canteens,  being  filled  with  water,  temperature  S4  deg.,   were  .>uspendetl  above 
the  l^ilclien  range  in  the  hood  designed  to  mrry  oif  odors  from  the  kitchen,  and  observ- 
ations made  hourly: — 


TbMI'KKAIUKE. 


'rinn; 

Air. 

i       Govt. 
Canteen. 
All  Wet. 

Lanz 
Canteen. 
All  Wet. 

Lanz 
Canteen. 
Wet  Kelt. 

8  n 

m 

120 
I  10 

1  j;o 

200 

5f' 

84 
1  10 
I2S 

5^' 
82 
104 
108 

5^' 
74 

U.J 

102 

9     ' 

10     ' 

11     ' 

5^ 


IIIMOKV    (M     Tin;    MII.IIAKV    (AMEEN. 


liXPEKlMENTS  Nos.    1   and  .".. 

Ill  lliiM.-  i\|n.-i  illK■lll^  (lie  caiilceiis  were  placed  ill  an  iiieiiiialur  anil  observations 
inatle  iKuiily.  'I'lie  average  lenii)eialiire  of  llic  innihator,  a  closed  box,  was  9odey. ,  I'". 
'I'iu-  iesult>  showed  practically  tlie  same  temperaluic  at  all  hours  for  all  canleens. 


EXPERIMENT  No.    G. 
A  (ioveniiiieiit  canteen  and  a  Eanz  canteen  were  thoroughly  wet,  and  fiUeil  with 
water,  temperature  58  deg.,  F.     They  were  placed  side  by  side  on  blocks  ot  wood  in 
an  oven  of  the  kitclijn  range,  not  touching  the  sides  of  the  oven.      The  door  was  left 
u])en.     The  following  observations  were  noted: — 


TKMI'ER.MURK. 


Govt  Canteen.  Lanz  Canteen. 


10  a.  m. 

11  "      . 

12  m . . . 


324 
284 


5<S 
151 
188 


5^ 
98 
III 


EXPERIMENT  No.   7. 
Three  Governnient  canteens  and  one  Lanz  canteen,  coverings,  of  all,  dry,  were 
suspended  out  of  doors  in  a  tree  about  thirty  feet  from  the  hospital.      At  10  o'clock  a. 
111.,  temjierature  of  air  40  deg. ,   F.,  they  were  filled  wilh  hot  water,  temjjerature  126 
deg. ,  F.      Hourly  ob.servations  were  made  as  follows:— 


IIISTUkV    OF    Till-:    MIIJTAKV    CAXTIIKX. 


:?o 


W 


■Si'nf/e  x>fzce  f7?eioL   evth  ^6zel  rr'^Qa  ottichecC  &o  a^  a/umiftum-  /ua 
(cac*  it^o  pieces)  rfueiect  iv  ^/re  f/aik  6y  mearrs  oF  ii^/v  Tiue-is. 
SuZrnf'6ecC  ly  the  /,an^  ^^-  ^■'    ^^'^  ^aAre  3^.  Ch/'cajo.I//, 
Cox?acr'dy.-4-^  f/u?cC  ox. 

■Qca/e.-  ^  . 


3cak:  /z 

Arrotri  ilictr  triefs  leaTtoje  itfon 
i/.S  /frmy  ffefM/a£ie*?  Sefl'ice  Carrieefl 
Co/H>c>tY  -^  J   ox  .  /7ute€l  /act 


Cafict"  o/>el  Strap  ^or  i/.S.  Cei/a/ry 
OS  /jfescriied  6y  GO.  ?3.  .^.e.i}.  itis 
/nbrfu/iciut^d  hif.rrf-'or.  the  OrJ.^^tlii' 

U:    Blick  Cff/arleoilttr 


e(,  HISTOKV    HI      llli;    MIIJIAKV    CANTEEN. 

Oncii   Air  TcHt?^   Made  at   Hcudqimrters  Dupt.  of   Dakota. 

TKST   No.    1  . 


— 

TBMl'BKATUKK. 

Tlllir. 

Air. 

40 

41 
42 

38 
38 

30 

Government  Canteens. 

Lanz 
Canteen. 

No.  I.  1  No.  2. 

No.  3. 

126         126 
98             Q2 

126 

74 
58 
47 
42 

39 

37 

126 

100 

'-    '" 

81 
65 

5« 

47 

76 
66 

55 
48 
46 

90 

77 

'    '  ■        ' 

70 

62 

58 

TEST  No. 


TEMPERATURE. 


9  a. 


«  I' 


Gov 

Air. 

No. 

1. 

16 

172 

iS 

112 

iS 

78 

20 

S8 

iS 

46 

iS 

.^6 

iS 

32 

19 

32 

Government   Canteens. 


No. 
lA. 


172 

122 

88 
68 
54 
44 
38 
32 


No.  3A. 
Stocking  LcR 
Over  Canteen. 


Lanz 

No. 


172 

126 

96 

78 
64 

54 
46 
40 


172 

132 
102 
90 
76 
64 
56 
50 


TEST  No,  3. 


9  a.  Ill . 

10  "     . 

11  "     • 

12  IM... 

I  r-  "> 


TEMPERATURE. 

1 

Dubuque 

U.S.  Army 

Stamp.  vS: 

German 

Lanz 

Lanz 

. 

Ord. 

Knamel 

Aluminum 

Aluminum 

Tin 

Fallern. 

Co.,    Par- 

Flask. 

Flask. 

Flask. 

Capacity 

ker  Filter 

Capacity 

Capacity 

Capacity 

430ZS.*'' 

Capacity 

50  0ZS.** 

2SOZS.** 

44  ozs.** 

36  ozs.** 

:; 

1/5 

175 

•75 

175 

175 

4 

126 

104 

96 

154 

156 

6 

78 

50 

44 

138 

122 

6 

50 

32 

32 

112 

102 

S 

34 

.'^2 

94 

86 

9 

34 

* 

* 

79 

70 

9 

32 

64 

60 

10 

56 

50 

"Slusli  m  ifi  MM  ,;      II..,-,  n      wuniir;iwn. 
'•  Fluid  (Troy)  ounces,  not  avoirdupois. 

A  Trcston  Mess  Kit  was  also  included  in  Test  \...  ',.  wiih  followiiii;  le.- 

•I  ]'•  ' 


10  a.  in 175  dfi^..  V.        I  \\  m 100  de^. 

11  "    162     "       K.        2     "     82     " 

12  ill 124     '•        V.         ;     ••      70     " 


. ...  58  dt 
....50     " 


ults:— 


HISTORY    OF    THE    MILITARY    CAXTEEX.  57 

Or'i;N   A  IK    ri;s'r>   Madi:  of  Caxtfexs  and  Canteen   I-'easks  at 

HEADnLAK'n:Rs.  Dei'aki.men'I"  of  Dakota.  Saint 

Paul.  Minnesota. 

To  facilitate  reference,  the  folUneiiig  alphabetical  index  is  adopted. 

A.  — V.  S.  Army  Re.e^ulation  Service  Canteen.  Ordnance  Pattern: 

Double  Cover  felt  and  canvas.  Capacity,  43  fluid  ounces, 
weight  14  ounces,  avoirdupois.     (See  cut  A. ) 

A-i.  — I'.  S.  Army  Regulation  Canteen:  Double  Cover  felt  and 
canvas.  Capacity.  48  fluid  ounces.  Weight,  empty,  covers 
(in  and  dry.  14  ounces,  avoirdupois.  Weight,  empty,  covers 
on  and  wet,  20  ounces,  avoirdupois. 

AA. —  V .  S.  Army  Regulation  Canteen,  manufactured  at  Rock  Island 
Arsenal.  1900:  Double  Cover;  inner  of  Petersham  felt, 
outer  of  dyed  duck  or  canvas.  Capacity,  44  fluid  ounces. 
Weight,  covers  on  and  dry,  empty.  12  and  f  ounces,  avoir- 
dupois. \Veight  of  tin  flask,  without  covers,  empty.  9  and 
}  ounces,  avoirdupois. 

B.  — L'.  vS.  Army  Regulation  Service  Canteen,  Ordnance  Pattern: 

Double  Cover  felt  and  canvas,  having  also  a  woolen  stock- 
ing leg  drawn  over  it.  Capacity.  45  fluid  ounces.  Weight 
16  ounces.     (See  cut  B.) 

BB. —  Three  views.  (See  cut  BB.)  Combination  Canteen  and 
Filter.  Canteen  is  the  regulation  tin  flask  and  dou- 
ble cover,  made  at  Rock  Island  Arsenal,  October,  1898, 
with  a  specially  wide  mouth  to  accommodate  the  Mrs. 
Caroline  Parker  Alter.  Capacit}-,  filter  in.  42  ounces, 
avoirdupois.  I'luid  ounces.  40.  Weight,  filled,  filter  in, 
filled,  covers  on  and  dry.  59  ounces,  avoirdupois.  Weight, 
filter  in,  filled,  covers  on.  after  ten  ( 10)  nu'nutes"  immersion. 
64  ounces,  avoirdupois.  Weight  of  the  tin  flask,  no  cover, 
emjity.  filter  out.  9  and  ]  ounces,  avoirdupois. 

C.  — Dubuque   Stamping  &   Enamel   Co.      Canteen    (with    Parker 

Filter  in)  :  No  cover.  Capacity,  50  ounces.  Weight  22 
ounces. 

CC. — Seven  views.  (See  cuts  C.  CC,  CCC. )  Enameled  Metal 
Canteen   Mask,  bought  l)y  the  U.  S..  January.   1900,  from 


^H  HISTOKV    (>|-    Tin:    MII.ITAKV    CA  N'TKICN. 

I  )iilin(|iu',  Iowa.  J'jiaiiKliiiL;-  Co.  <  ajjacity,  44  and  ;,'  ounces. 
W'ri^'lil.  filk-<l.  covers  on  and  dry,  O4  and  ','  fluid  ounces, 
avoirdupois.  Weijj^ht.  filled,  covers  on.  after  ten  (10) 
niinuli-s'  immersion.  75  ounces,  avoirdupois.  Wcip:lit  of 
the  i-naineled  flask,  empty,  no  covers  on.  16  and  :[  ounces, 
avoirdupois. 

1).  — Karlsruhe.  iJaden,  l^jcrniany.  Aluminum  Flask:  Xo  cover. 
('aj)acity,  25  ounces.    Weight.  5  ounces.     (See  cut  D. ) 

E.  — r,.  S.  Army  ReL^ulation  Service  Tin  Mask,  Ordnance  Pat- 
tern, no  cover.  Capacity,  45  ounces.  Weight.  12  ounces. 
(  See  cut  E. ) 

l'.  — Alumitnun  I'"lask.  circular,  made  in  Newark,  X.  J.  Covered 
hy  the  Lanz  method,  double  cover,  felt  and  canvas.  Ca- 
jiacity,  44  ounces.     Weight.  16  ounces.     (See  cut  F.) 

Ci.  — Lanz  Tin  h'lask  Canteen,  circular.  Covered  by  the  Lanz 
method,  I  inch  felt  and  openable  canvas  cover.  Capacity, 
1,6  ounces.     Weight.  25  ounces.     (See  cut  G,  four  views.) 

n.  — Arizona  Canteen.  Covered  with  saddler's  felt,  also  by  several 
thicknesses  of  flannel,  and  an  openable  canvas  cover,  Lanz 
method.  Capacitv,  87  ounces.  Weight,  34  ounces.  (See 
cut  H.) 

I-  — I'resion  Mess  Kit.  Complete.  Double  cover,  felt  and  canvas. 
Capacity.  46  ounces.     Weight.  37  ounces. 

I^-  — Karlsruhe,  Baden.  Germany.  Aluminum  Flask.  Covered  by 
the  Lanz  method.  ;'  inch  felt,  and  openable  canvas  cover. 
Capacity.  43  ounces.    Weight.  15  ounces.     (See  cut  K.) 

L.  — Karlsruhe,  lladcn.  Germany.  Aluminum  Canteen,  with  carry- 
ing strap.  Covered  by  the  German  method,  single  felt. 
Capacity.  60  ounces.    Weight.  14  ounces.     (See  cut  L.) 

M.  —Newark,  X.  J..  Aluminum  Canteen  Flask,  circular.  Xo  cover. 
Xo  solder  said  to  be  used.  Capacity.  48  ounces.  Weight, 
8  ounces. 

.\l.\l. — Xewark.  X.  j..  Aluminum  Canteen,  oblong  shape,  no  seams 
or  solder  said  to  be  used.  Weight  of  naked  flask.  9  and  :| 
ounces.  Capacity.  42  fluid  ounces.  Weight,  filled,  cover 
on    and   dry.    56   ounces,   avoirdupois.      Removable   single 


lIIS■l•oK^■  (ii-    iiii-:   Mii.i'r.\K\'  caxtki-in.  59 

Odvcr,   felt,  laced  v.\)  mi  one  side  only,   Lanz  nielhod  ;  lii^Ii 
collar. 

X.  — Xcwark.  X.  J.,  Aluminum  Circular  Canteen  I'lask.  Xo 
cover.  Xo  solder  said  to  be  used.  Capacity.  t,2  ounces. 
Weight.  6  and  ^l  ounces, 

XX. — -Xcwark.  X.  ].,  Aluminum  Canteen,  oblong  shape,  no  seams 
or  solder  said  to  be  used,  identical  with  "MM"  except 
capacity.  Weight  of  naked  flask,  7  and  :[  ounces.  Capacity, 
38  and  \  fluid  ounces.  Weight,  dry,  cover  on,  empty,  cork 
in,  8  and  -^  ounces,  avoirdupois.  Weight,  filled,  cover  dry. 
49  ounces  avoirdupois.     Single  cover  same  as  "MM." 

(J.  — Xew^ark,  X'.  J.,  Aluminum  Circular  Canteen  Flask.  Xo  cover. 
Xo  solder  said  to  be  used.  Capacity,  16  ounces.  Weight, 
3  and  I  ounces.     (See  cut  O.) 

1'.  — l\e_\niond  and  Gottlob  Aluminum  Canteen.  Single  felt  cover. 
Capacity,  29  ounces.  Weight,  8  ounces.  (See  cut  P,  four 
views.) 

(J.  — Lanz  Tin  IHask  Canteen.  Covered  by  Lanz  method.  \  inch 
felt,  and  openable  canvas  cover.  Capacity,  45  fluid  ounces. 
Weight.  19  ounces.     (See  cut  G,  four  view^s.) 

1\.  — Karlsruhe.  l>aden,  Ciermany,  ,\luminum  Flask.  Covered  by 
the  Lanz  method,  4-8  inch  wool  felt,  and  openable  canvas 
cover.     Capacity.  45  fluid  ounces.     Weight.  15  ounces. 

S.  — Lanz  Circular  Canteen.  Tin  Flask.  Covered  bv  the  Lanz 
method.  4-8  inch  wool  felt,  and  openable  canvas  cover. 
Capacity.  39  ounces.  Weight,  19  ounces.  (See  cut  G, 
four  views.) 

T. — Lanz  Circular  Canteen.  Tin  Mask.  Covered  by  tlie  Lanz  method. 
4-8  inch  Amsterdam  sponge  woven  felt,  and  openable  can- 
vas cover,  three  pieces  canvas,  high  collar.  Capacitv,  39 
ounces.     \Veight.  19  ounces. 

I  .  — Karlsruhe,  lladen.  Germany.  Aluminum  l-'lask.  Covered  b\- 
the  Lanz  method,  IJ  inch  Amsterdam  sponge  woven  felt,  and 
openable  canvas  cover,  three  pieces  canvas,  high  collar. 
Capacity,  42  ounces.     Weight,  17  ounces.     (See  cut  U.) 

^'-  — Regulation  Aluminum  Canteen,  Germany  Army  Pattern.  1899. 
Manufactured   by   Carl    T.erg,    Lveking,    Westphalia.   ( ler- 


fx> 


lUSTOKV  01   -ini:  militakv  canteen. 


3ca/e.'  /§ 


Ill.sTou^■  o\'  Till-:  military  canteen. 


6i 


W 


niaii\.  Covered  with  grayish  felt  cloth,  single  thickness, 
provided  with  black  leather  loops  and  straps.  Capacity,  25 
ounces.     Weight.  7  and   {  ounces.     (  See  cut  \  .  ) 

-Karlsruhe.  IJaden,  (jermany,  Xaked  .\luminuni  Mask. 
Weight.  9  ounces.  Capacity,  44  fluid  ounces.  Single  piece 
metal,  with  steel  rings  attached  to  an  aluminum  lug  (each 
two  pieces),  riveted  to  the  t^ask  by  means  of  two  rivets. 
(  See  cut  \\'.  ) 


X 


-Karlsruhe.  Baden.  Germany.  X^aked  Aluminum,  single  piece 
flask.  Weight,  9  ounces.  Capacity,  44  fluid  ounces.  Pro- 
vided with  stirrup  shaped  loops  clamped  to  the  flask  by 
means  of  four  rivets.     (See  cut  X.) 

Type  of  Wooden  Canteen,  used  in  the  United  States  Army,  pat- 
tern of  1812,  and  during  our  second  war  with  England.  (  From  a 
tracing  furnished  by  the  Quartermaster  General.  U.  S.  Army).  One 
vievv. 

Tracing  furnished  by  the  Quartermaster  General  L'.  S.  Army, 
of  the  type  of  tin  flask  canteen  covered  with  cloth,  used  in  the  United 
States  Army,  1848-1861. 


TEST  No.   30. 


TEMPERATURE   OF   WATER 

IN   CANTEENS. 

Outside 
Tempera- 
ture. 

Hour. 

Each  Canteen  Being  Filled 

to  its  Capacity 

A 

H 

C 

D 

E 

F             G 

H 

1 

10  a.  m. .. 

''7 

54 

54 

54 

54 

54 

54 

54 

54 

54 

II       "    ... 

8 

36 

48 

32 

32 

32     1 

44 

44 

52 

46 

12  m 

8 

32 

36 

* 

*      1 

34 

36 

44 

41 

I  p.  in . . . 

8 

* 

32 

32 

32 

3« 

34 

2     "      ... 

*            » 

36 

32 

3 

S 

1 

33 

32 

*I,eaky. 


TEST   No.    :il. 


Temperature  of  Water  in  Canteens. 


Hour.         Outside! 
1  emp. 

Flach  canteen!) 

eine  filled  to  its 

capacity. 

A 

H 

C 

n 

E 

F            G 

H 

I 

K 

I. 

q:oo  a.m.     +IO 

52 

5^ 

52 

52 

52 

52         52 

52 

52 

52 

52 

10:00     "  ..        ID 

32 

3« 

32 

32 

32 

42         36 

42 

42 

36 

40 

10:30  a.  111.       10 

* 

34 

* 

* 

^4    4 

3« 

42 

36 

36 

1 1  :oo     "            10 

32 

36    36 

3H 

40 

32 

32 

11:30      "            12 

32 

37 

35 

32 

32 

1 2  :oo  m  . . .       12 

32 

32  1 32 

34 

33 

32 

32 

12:30  p.  m.       12 

32 

32    32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

*  Leaky . 


62 


111: 


lOUV    111-    Tlir.     MII.ITAKV    CANTl^EN. 


iKST  No   :>•. 


yxn> 
4:oti 
5:00 


rciiipcrainrc  i 

f  Water  in  Canteens. 

OiilAiilu 
1  tmp. 

(Jiianlily  of  water  (36  ozs.)  same  in  each  canteen. 

A 

It 

C 

I> 

K 

F 

G 

H 

I 

K 

L 

+  14 

S6 

S6 

.S6 

.S6 

56 

56 

56 

56 

14 

S2 

32 

48 

46 

4b 

48 

3Ji 

34 

«4 

7,2 

32 

44 

4b 

44 

44 

42 

34 

14 

7,2 

">2 

40 

44 

40 

3^ 

39 

32 

«4 

32 

32 

36 

3f> 

3H 

3b 

3b 

32 

H 

^2 

32 

34 

3b 

32 

34 

32 

32 

14 

32 

32 

32 

34 

32 

32 

32 

32 

TEST  No.   'A'S. 


8:45  ;».  lu.. 

0:45  "  - 

10:45  •  .. 

11:45  "  .. 

12:45  p.  lU.. 

1:45  "  ■• 

2:45  "  •- 

3=45  "  ^- 

•I.c.ikv. 


Outside 
Temp. 

Temperature  of  Water  in  Canteens. 

Quantity  of  water  (36  ozs.)  in  each  canteen. 

A 

B 

c 

D 

E 

F 

G 

H 

I 

K 

L 

+20 

112 

112 

*U2 

112 

112 

112 

112 

112 

20 

82 

40 

*qo 

qo 

86 

86 

88 

66 

20 

60 

32 

*  68 

76 

72 

70 

68  \  44 

20 

48 

*  5b 

68 

60 

58 

56  1  34 

22 

38 

*4b 

.S8 

.S2 

50 

48  1  32 

22 

34 

*40 

no 

4b 

44  '  42 

23 

32 

*.34 

46 

42 

40  .  38 

23 

*32 

40 

3« 

36  1  34 

TEST  No.   :i4. 


'I'emperature  of  Water  in  Canteens. 


8:45  a.  m 

9:45  "    ... 

10:45  "    ... 

11:45  ••    ... 

12:45  p.  m... 

1:45  "     ... 

2:45  "     ... 

3:45  "       ■- 


Outside 
■]"emp . 

+32 
32 
32 
33 

34 
34 
34 

vl 


Outside 
Temp. 


Quantity  ol 

water  same 

in  ea 

ch  cinleen. 

A        U 

C 

D 

E 

F 

G 

H        I 

K. 

L 

no 

no 

IIO 

no 

no    no 

no 

no 

92 

60 

92 

96 

90 

94 

94 

78 

74 

42 

74 

S4 

78 

80 

80 

S8 

64 

3b 

64 

74 

70 

70 

68 

SO 

.Sb 

34 

5b 

66 

62 

62 

60 

44 

48 

34 

.SO 

60 

58 

.Sb 

.S4 

40 

44 

34 

4b 

5b 

.S4 

.S2 

SO 

38 

42 

34 

44 

52 

50 

48 

48 

3b 

TEST  No.  35. 


Temperature  of  Water  in  Canteens. 


Quantity  of  water  (36  ozs.)  same  in  each  canteen. 


8:40  a.  m +?2 

9:4"     "     "v> 

10:40    "     ;() 

'«:40     "     ^^-i 

12:40  p.  m 4i> 

I  ^O     "      41 

2:40     "      U 

3:40    "    ;" 

4^0    "    ,s 


u 

C 

n6 

n6 

90 

66 

76 

SO 

64 

42 

58 

40 

52 

41 

SO 

4« 

48 

40 

44 

38 

n 


F 

G 

H 

I 

K 

n6 

n6 

n6 

n6 

n6 

98 

100 

94 

98 

96 

82 

88 

84 

86 

82 

72 

79 

74 

7S 

72 

64 

72 

68 

67 

64 

.S8 

66 

62 

62 

S9 

54 

62 

58 

5b 

5b 

52 

58 

54 

52 

52 

48 

54 

52 

SO 

49 

IIISTORV    OF    THE    MILITAKV    CANTEEN. 


63 


TEST  No.  36. 


8:30  a.  Ill 
9:30  " 
10:50  " 
1 1 :  50  " 
12:30  ji.  111 
1:30  ■' 
2:30     " 

3:30     " 
4:30      " 


Outside 
Temp. 

Temperature  of  Water  in  Canteens. 

Quantity  of  water  (%&  ozs.)  same  in  each  canteen. 

A 

n 

C 

D 

E 

V 

G 

H 

IK 

+25 

116 

116 

116 

116 

1 16 

116 

u6 

116 

26 

72 

86 

56 

94 

96 

92 

92 

90 

28 

54 

70 

40 

80 

84 

80 

80 

76 

30 

44 

60 

34 

68 

74 

70 

70 

68 

32 

3S 

52 

32 

60 

64 

62 

62 

68 

32 

36 

46 

32 

54 

60 

56 

54 

54 

32 

35 

40 

32 

48 

54 

52 

50 

48 

32 

:a 

40 

32 

44 

50 

48 

46 

44 

32 

32 

3t> 

32 

42 

4« 

46 

44 

42 

TEST  No.  37. 


8:35  a.  m... 

9:35  "  ■■• 
10-35  "  --- 
1 1  =35  "  ■  -  - 
12:35  ]).  m... 

'=35  "  --- 

2:35  "  --- 

3:3s  "  •-■ 

4=35  "  --• 

•Leaky. 


Outside 
Temp . 


+  22 
24 
28 
36 
38 
38 
40 
40 


Temperature  of  Water  in  Canteens  and  Flasks. 


Each  Canteen  and  Flask  filled  to  its  capacity. 


116 

88 
66 
56 

51 

48 

44 
44 
42 


li 


116 

94 
76 
66 
58 
52 
50 
48 
42 


C  ,   D 


116 

58 
40 
36 
38 
38 
38 
38 
38 


116 

56 
38 
36 
38 
38 
40 
40 
40 


u6 

60 
40 
38 
38 
38 
40 
40 
40 


116 

*96 
84 
72 
66 
60 
58 
54 
52 


116 

94 
82 
72 
66 
62 
56 
54 
52 


H 


116 

103 

92 
86 

78 
74 
72 
66 
64 


I 


116 

99 

84 

74 
66 
62 
58 
56 
52 


116 

91 

78 
70 
62 
53 
56 
52 
50  1  42 


TEST  No.  38. 


Hour 


8=35  ^-  •"-■ 
9:35  "  -■ 

10:35  "  .. 

1 1 :35  "   . 

12:35  ]..  111.. 
•=35  "  ■• 
2:35  "  •• 
3:35  "  - 
4:35  "  - 


M.eaky. 


Outside 
Temp . 


+  32 
32 
34 
36 
36 
36 
38 
38 
36 


Temperature  of  Water  in  Canteens  and  Flasks. 


Each  Canteen  and  Flask  filled  to  its  capacity. 


78 
64 
52 
48 
44 
42 
42 
40 


68 
60 
54 
50 
46 

44 
42 


52 
40 
36 
36 
36 
38 
38 
38 


L) 


100 

55 
38 
36 
36 
36 
38 
38 
38 


E 


too 

52 
40 

37 
36 
36 
38 
38 
38 


F 

G 

H 

I 

K 

lOO 

100 

IOC 

100 

100 

*88 

86 

96 

88 

86 

76 

76 

86 

76 

72 

66 

66 

82 

66 

62 

62 

62 

74 

62 

58 

54 

50 

70 

56 

54 

52 

54 

66 

52 

SO 

50 

50 

62 

48 

48 

48 

48 

60 

46 

46 

TEST  No.  39. 


lOutside 
Temp. I 


Tcnii)erature  of  Water  in  Canteens  and  Flasks. 
Each  Canteen  and  Flask  having  36  ozs.  hot  water. 


8:15  n.  n 

9:15  " 

10:15  " 

11:15  " 

12:15  p.  n 

1:15   " 

2:15  " 

3:15  " 

_4:i5  " 

* Leaky 


38 
40 
40 
42 
42 
40 
40 
40 


94 
74 
64 
56 
52 
48 
46 

44 
44 


D 


F 

G 

H 

I 

K 

*94 

94 

94 

94 

94 

86 

88 

82 

84 

84 

78 

78 

74 

76 

74 

70 

70 

68 

68 

66 

64 

62 

66 

64 

60 

60 

60 

60 

58 

58 

56 

58 

56 

54 

54 

54 

5t> 

52 

52 

52 

53 

54 

52 

50 

50 

IIIMOKV    ul      1111.    .MILIIAKV    CANTliEN. 
TKST   No      M> 


Temperature  of  Water  in  Canteens. 


<  >iii-.iJ'- 
rcmj). 


Vuantily  of  water  (36  o/s.)  same  in  each  canteen. 


D  ,  E 


I 


K 


S:45  a.  111.. 
9:45  ••  .. 
10:45  "  .. 

11:45  "  •• 
12:45  i>.  III.. 

1:45  "  .. 

2:45  "  .. 

3:4s  ••  -• 


+  12 
12 

>4 

14 
14 
14 
14 
I  > 


./, 

68 
48 
3« 
32 
32 
32 


96  96 

74  42 

56  32 

40  32 

32  32 

32  32 

32'  32 


•96    96  I  96  !  96  i  96  96 

76  I  80  j  78    80  i  76  '  62 

64  I  62  44 

54  i  52  :  32 

46  44  32 

40  40  I  32 

36   34  32 

32   32  32 


66 

66 

64 

.S2 

.S8 

54 

44 

50 

48 

3« 

44 

42 

32 

3« 

30 

32 

34 

32 

TEST  No.  11. 


Outside 
Temp. 


8:30  a.  ni +10 

9:30     "    12 

10:30     "    14 

11:30     "    ^^ 

12:30  p.  Ill 20 

1:30     "    26 

2:30     "    26 

3:30     "    28 

4=30     "    '     26 

'Le.iky. 


68 
52 


Temperature  of  Water  in  Canteens. 


Quantity  of  water  (36  ozs  )  same  in  each  canteen. 


74 
58 


40  ;  46 

34  42 


D 


G 


98 
^82  84 
64  70 
54  62 
46  54 
42  48 
40  44 
36  42 
36  I  42 


H 

I 

K 

q8 

98 

98   i 

84 

7« 

80   I 

68 

66 

66 

60 

S6 

54 

=i2 

4^ 

48 

48 

42 

44 

44 

40 

40 

42 

3« 

3« 

40 

36 

36 

66 
46 
36 
32 
32 
32 
32 
32 


TEST  No.  42. 


Temperature  of  Water  in  Canteens. 

Out- 

Hour. 

side 

Quantity  of  water  36  ozs.,  except  in  flasks"N"and"0,"  in  the  main  filled  to  their 

Tern 

capacity. 

A 

H 

C        D        E 

K 

G 

H 

I 

K 

L 

M 

N 

0 

8:15  a.  m. 

+  24 

9* 

94 

1 
9^ 

*94 

94 

94 

94 

94 

94 

94 

94 

94 

9:15     " 

24 

68 

74 

48 

7^ 

82 

76 

7« 

76 

64 

44 

44 

36 

10:15     " 

22 

52 

60 

34 

bb 

70 

66 

66 

68 

48 

32 

32 

32 

II:J5     " 

22 

40 

50 

32 

^t 

62 

56 

56 

58 

40 

32 

32 

32 

12:15  ]..  m. 

22 

3b 

42 

32 

48 

54 

50 

50 

50 

34 

32 

32 

•?- 

1:15      " 

22 

32 

40 

32 

42 

50 

44 

44 

44 

32 

32 

32 

t 

2:15     " 

22 

32 

32 

32 

3« 

44 

40 

40 

40 

32 

32 

32 

3:15     " 

22 

32 

32 

32 

34 

42 

3« 

56 

36 

32 

32 

32 

4:15     " 

2b 

32 

32  1  32  1 

32 

_3t'_ 

3« 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

'Leakv.  ♦Kroren. 


HISTORY    OF    THE    MILITARY    CAXTEEX. 

TEST  No.  i;;. 


65 


Out 

Temperature  0 

f  Water  in  Canteens. 

Hour. 

Quantity 

in  each  (36  ozs  )  the  same,  except  in  Flasks  "N,"  "O"  and  "P."  \n 

hich  were 

side 
T. 

filled  to 

their  cap.Tcity. 

A         ]{ 

C 

D 

E 

F 

G 

H 

I 

K        L 

M 

N 

0 

F 

a,  m. 

S:I5 

+  4 

94      94 

94 

t94 

94 

94 

94 

94     94 

94 

94 

94 

94 

9:i.S 

6 

64       70 

42 

76 

76 

72 

76 

74     60 

42 

42 

32 

62 

10:15 

8 

46       52 

32 

60 

64 

62 

62 

60     42 

32 

32 

32 

44 

11:15 

cS 

34     42 

32 

48 

54 

50 

50 

50     32 

32 

32 

* 

34 

12.15 

8 

32      34 

32 

40 

48 

44 

44 

42      32 

32 

32 

32 

1:15 

8 

32      32 

32 

32 

40 

36 

36 

36      32 

32 

« 

32 

2:15 

10 

32      32 

32 

32 

34 

32 

32 

32  1  32 

32 

3>i5 

12 

32      32 

5~ 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32  '  32 

32 

4:15 

12    32      32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32  i  32      32 

'Leaky,     t  Frozen. 


TEST  No.  44. 


r>... 

Te 

■mperature  ot"  Water  in  Canteens. 

Hour.    >\de 

Conditions  same  as  in  1 

■estN 

0  43.  except  Flasks  "D",  "N".  "0"and  "P" 

which  werefilled. 

A          1: 

C 

1) 

K 

F 

G 

H 

I 

K 

L 

M 

N 

0 

P 

a.  m. 

8:15     +14 

106     106 

106 

106 

106 

106 

106 

106 

106 

106 

106 

106 

106 

106 

106 

9:15        18 

72       78 

50 

50 

54 

+80 

86 

84 

86 

84 

68 

48 

46 

38 

66 

10:25 

22 

54     62 

34 

32 

bb 

72 

72 

72 

70 

50 

.34 

32 

32 

SO 

11:15 

26 

44      52 

32 

32 

32 

56 

64 

62 

62 

62 

42 

32 

32 

32 

42 

12:15 

30 

40    36 

32 

32 

32 

50 

58 

56 

56 

54 

38 

32 

32 

32 

38 

i:'5 

32 

36    42 

32 

32 

32 

4b 

52 

52 

52 

50 

3t> 

32 

32 

33 

36 

2:1s 

34 

36  1  40 

32 

32 

32 

42 

50 

48 

48 

46 

36 

32 

32 

32 

36 

3:'5 

34 

3^  33 

32 

32 

34 

1  40 

48 

48 

48 

46 

36 

33 

32 

32 

36 

4:15 

34 

36  38 

32 

34 

34 

!  38 

4b 

44 

44 

42 

30 

33 

33 

32 

36 

t Frozen. 


TEST  No.   4  5. 


Out 
side 
T. 

- 

I'cmperature  of  Water  in  Canteens. 

Hour. 

Conditions  same  as  in  Test  No.  44. 

A 

B 

C 

D         E 

F 

G 

H 

I 

K    1    L 

M 

N 

0 

p 

a.  m. 

8:2s 

-ID 

ICO 

100 

too 

100    100 

100 

100 

ICO 

100 

100 

100 

ICO 

100 

100 

9:25 

8 

68 

72 

36 

40      32 

+74 

80 

80 

78 

56 

36 

36 

32 

58 

10.25 

6 

42 

52 

32 

32       * 

56 

66 

64 

62 

36 

32 

32 

40 

11:25 

5 

32 

38 

32 

42 

54 

52 

48 

32 

32 

32 

p.  m. 

12:25 

4 

■32 

.32 

32 

44 

42 

38 

32 

32 

32 

1:25 

4 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

2:25 

2 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

* 

* 

3:25 

2 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

4:25 

2 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

"Leaky,     t  Frozen. 


C/i 


iiisToin'  III-  Tin:   miiiiakv  cwTr.F.x. 


ccc 


-v5  >»//«// 4 


^coe  ^ 


Cork 


^^rP, 


Pe 


J^fusorca.L  Sarth 


to  t?rt  f/o3k  hy  mea^s  c^ /i,,.^.^,,,^^    5uinr,iied  for  tfs6-  lftf,elZA 
nfomufociuf/rrf  CCL.    /i3  lake  s&     CJr'ca^oM  "^ 


5ca/e.  /4 


niSTORN'    ()|- 


MIMTARV    CAXTKF'.X. 


67 


TEST  No.    Jf,. 


8:10  a.  in 
9:10  " 
10:10  " 
n:io  " 
i2:io  ]'.  n 
1:10  • 
2:10  " 
3:10  " 
4:10     " 


Temperature  of  Water  in  Canteen. 


■  I  <Jii.iiitity  (45  ozs  )  being  the  snmc,  except  in ''.\,"  "D,"  "F," ''G""N," 

:"''-■  "O"  ana  "P."  which  were  filled. 


.\  1  15   C  ]  I) 

E  i  F  1  G  1  H   I 

K  1  L 

M 

N  1  0 

P   Q 

10 

102 

102  102  102 

102  I02  102,102  102 

102 

102 

102' 102 

I02  102 

10 

68 

76  3H  3^ 

32  78 

82'  80  So 

76 

3^ 

34  32 

32 

78 

s 

44- 

5'^  32  32 

t   60 

66  66  (>'< 

62 

32 

32  32 

^2 

66 

6 

32 

42  32  t  :    46 

52  52  52 

46 

t 

.,.  ^ 

32 

.S2 

4 

32  32  t        34 

42  44 

42 

3t> 

32 

42 

2 

32  3-          32 

34  3'^ 

y> 

32 

32 

36 

0 

ft       ,  .t   32 

32  32 

32 

32 

t 

32 

2 

■^^                   32 

32,  32 

32 

t 

32 

2 

32 

32I  321  32 

1 

32 

tKrozen.    JBursted. 

During  Test  No.  46  tlie  IhilnKjuo  enameled  canteen  froze  after  two  hours  exposure 
and  l)ur.st  open  at  the  .seaais  along  the  edges,  during  the  next  hour.  It  liad  forty-five 
(45)  fluid  ounces  of  water,  temperature  102  deg.,  l-".,  placed  in  it  at  8:10  a.  m.  The 
variations  of  air  temperature  V ere,  (observations  made  hourly),  as  follows:  -10  deg. ; 
-8  deg. ;  -6  deg.  The  tem]5erature  of  t!ie  contents  of  the  canteen  fell  from  102  deg.  to 
38  deg.  after  onehour'scxposure;at  theex]>iration  of  thesecond  hour  the  fluid  dro)iped 
to  32  deg.  During  this  test,  the  enamel  splintered  off  aroinid  the  edge-^;  liille  blisters 
of  enamel,  like  small  volcanoes,  bubl)led  up,  and  patches  of  the  enamel  blew  off,  expos- 
ing the  metallic  base.  The  cau^e  was  sim]ile.  The  Dubuque  Stamping  and  Enamel 
Co.  canteen  is  a  combination  of  mineral  and  metal;  the  metal  contracted;  result,  disin- 
tegration.    (See  illustration ). 

TEST  No.    17. 


Temperature  of  Water  in  Canteens. 

."'"     (Juaniity  (45  Huid  ozs.)  being  the  same  in  each,  except  in  "D,"  "K,"  "(',,'' 
ifide.   I  «N"  and  "O,"  which  were  filled. 

Temp. 


B 


,S:i5 

9:15 
10:15 
11:15 
12:15 

2:15 
3:15 
4: '5 

'I.eaky.     tKrozen. 


P 


+14     I  80   8o*So 


6S 

58^ 


48    3: 


381  46 
42)  32 

38  32 
„    36  32 

32    34    32 


I) 


80 


H       I 


801   80    80    80    80 


38]  681  74 
32    56[  64 
32    48    38 
32    42 
32    40 
32    38 
32,  36 
321  34 


K   L  M 


80  80  80 


74 
66 

42  58 
48  52  4S 
44:  48  44 
42I  44;  42 
42|  38,  42]  40 
40I  38 1  40I  38 


70  64  34 


52;  32 
42  32 
40  32 
3^^  32 
34  32 
32  32 
32I  32 


O 


p  i  g 


64 

58 
52 
48 
46 

44 
40 


S:io  a.  in. 

9:10  " 
10:10  " 
ll:io  " 
12:10  ji.m.. 

1:10    "     ... 

2:10    " 

3:10    "     .. 

4:10    "     .. 

*Leaky.     f  Frozen 


Out- 
side 
Tcnp 


+  14 
14 
14 
14 
14 
16 
16 
18 

iS 


TEST  No.  48. 

Temperature  of  Water  in  Canteens. 


Quantity  of  water  (45  fluid  ozs  ).  same  in  each  canteen,  except  in  "A,"  "f)'" 
"F,"  "G,"  "N,"  "O"  and  "V,"  which  were  filled. 


tSo 

32 
32 


G  H 


80 

6s' 
56 
48 
42 
32 


5^>;  52 

44  46 

40  40 

36  38 

34  3i 


K  I  L  I  M  N  I  O 

80  80  80I  Fo!  80:  80 

70  56  36!  • 

58  42  32  32 

50  34  32I  32 

42  32  32,  32 

38  32  33    32 


46 


So 
70 
60 


24  32,   321  32 

^1  3-i  Fi  i-i 

32I  32:  T  I  t  I 


34|  52 
32  4^ 
32  38 
32  38 
32  34 
32  32 


rA 


MISTOKV    (II-    Tin:    MII.IIAKV    CANTEEN. 
TKST    No.     r.t. 


Hour. 


S:oo 

y:c)0 
10:00 
1 1  :oo 
I2:<X) 

1 :00 

2.00 

VOO 

4:00 

•I.eaky.     ♦  Frozen. 


I  p.  Ml  . 


t  tut- 

sulc 

Tctiip. 

(on 

A 

+  8 

no 

8 

86 

10 

62 

12 

46 

14 

36 

16 

32 

i6 

32 

iS 

>2 

i.S 

32 

■Jcmperature  of  Water  in  Canteens. 


(  oiidiiions  Miinc  as  in  Test  No.  48.  Snow  fell  during  about  two  hours  of 
the  llni<;  occupied  in  making  tlie  test. 


15      C   1   D 

E 

V  1   G      H 

I 

K 

L 

M  j  N 

0     P   1  <2 















130  no  130 

130 

130  130  130 

130 

130 

130 

130  130 

1 30 1 30 1 1 30 

Q» 

•  1  s6 

• 

m 

100 

96 

104 

98 

80 

48 

•     102 

72 

50   32 

60 

104 

84 

82 

86 

80 

56 

32 

32 

32 

50    84 

S8 

32   ^32 

34 

84 

68 

68 

72 

66 

40 

32 

32 

32 

32:  72 

48 

32    32 
32    + 

32 

68 

60'  58 

62 

56 

34 

32 

32 

32 

32  i  64 

40 

32 

ss 

50,  54 

54 

50 

32 

32 

+ 

t 

32  1  56 

36 

32 

32 

50 

46   46 

46 

42 

32 

32 

32    48 
+      44 

32 

32 

32 

42 

40   40 

42 

3^ 

32 

32 

32 

32 

38'  36!  36 

_3« 

26 

32 

1 

40 

TEST  No.  50. 


Hour. 


S:oo 

9;oo 

10:00 

11:00 

12:00 

1:00 

2:00 

3:00 

4:00 


p.m. 


Out- 
side 
Temp. 


+  4 
6 
8 
12 
16 
18 
22 
22 
24 


Temperature  of  Water  in  Canteens. 


Every  canteen  and  flask  filled  to  its  capacity. 


D   E 


50,  501  SO  50i  50 


32  t 

32 

32 

32 

32 


*42|  42 


H   I 

50!  50 
48,  42 


32  32 
32  32 
32I  32 


50'  50 
42  38 
34  32 
32:  32 
32.  32 
32  32 
32  32 


M      N      O 


50! 

32' 
32 

32; 
t 


50    50 

'32!   32 
32    + 
32| 

32,        : 

32         j 

32 

32 


•Leaky      f  Frozen.     tKursted.     §.^t  starting  had  a  capacity  of  25  ozs. ;  at  the  finish  its 
was  30  0!S. 


50  50 
34  42 
32  38 
32  34 
32  32 
32  32 
32,  32 
32I  32 
32U2 

capacity 


TEST  No.   51. 


1 

emperature  of  Water  in  Canteens. 

Hour 

Out. 

side 
Temp. 

Every  canteen  and  flask  being  filled  to  its 

capacity. 

A 

B  1   C   1  U 

_1-'_!L 

G 

H 

I 

K 

L 

M    1    N 

0       P 

Q 



K 

s      r 

a.m. 
.S:oo 

+  16 

56 

56 

56 

56 

56  56 

56 

56 

56 

56 

56 

56 

56 

56 

56 

56 

S6 

56    59 

«>:oo 

'4 

36 

40 

32 

+ 

32, 40 

42 

50 

44 

42 

36 

32 

32 

32 

42 

42 

42    40 

10:00 

10 

32 

32 

32 

32, 34 

38 

48 

38 

38 

32 

f 

32 

32 

36 

36 

36    34 

11:00 

10 

f 

32 

32 

t '  32 

32 

44 

32 

32 

32 

32 

t 

34 

3- 

34    32 

12  m. 

10 

32 

32 

*32 

32 

36 

32 

32 

t 

32 

32 

32 

32    32 

1:00 

s 

32 

r 

!32 

32 

34 

32 

32 

+ 

* 

32 

32 

32    32 

2:00 

8 

t 

*   5^ 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

+ 

32    32 

3:00 

10 

t  32 

32 

32 

32 

t 

* 

t 

t     t 

4:00 

1 

32  t 

?2 

t  ' 

* 

'Leaky.     tFroxen.     tBursted. 


HISTOKV    OF    THE    MILITAUV    CANTlitX. 
TEST  No.  52. 


6(; 


Oiit- 

.side 
Tcmj). 

Temperature  of  Water  in  Canteens. 

Hour. 

Every  canteen  and  flask  filled  to  its  capacity. 

A 

B 

c 

D       E  1    K 

G  1  n 

I 

K 

I- 

M 

N 

0 

P   1    Q 

K       .S    1    T 

a.m. 
8:00 

+  2 

178 

178 

178 

t     178  178 

178 

178 

178 

178 

178 

+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 

178178 

i         1 
178  178  178 

9:00 

2 

*46 

108 

*46 

1   60*98 

138 

1.38 

124 

1.30 

106 

*40I34 

134  136  132 

10:00 

4 

S2 

74 

32 

32    80 

no 

no 

Q4 

102 

76 

32  108 

ii)8iio 

102 

1  I  :oo 

<S 

.32 

S6 

32 

32 

62 

qo 

q8 

78 

80 

54 

t     90 

88  90 

86 

12111. 

lO 

32 

42 

32 

t 

48 

76 

86 

62 

66 

40 

76 

74  76 

70 

1:00 

12 

.l2 

36 

t 

38 

66 

74 

52 

54 

34 

64 

62  64 

60 

2:00 

12 

.S2 

32 

32 

56 

66 

44 

44 

32 

56 

54!  56 

50 

3:00 

14 

32 

32 

32 

46 

58 

38 

38 

32 

48 

46  48 

44 

4:00 

14 

32 

32 

+ 

32 

38 

54 

34 

34 

32 

1  42 

40  42 

40 

*  Leaky,     t  Frozen,     t'^ursted. 


TEST  No.  5:i. 


Out- 
side 
Temp. 

'I'emperature  of  Water  in  Canteens. 

Hour. 

Conditions  same  as  in  Test  No.  52. 

A 

B       C 

D 

E 

K 

G 

H 

I    I    K 

1 

L 

M 

N 

0   1    P 

Q 

R  1   S    1   T 

a.m. 
S:oo 

+IS 

168 

168 

1 68 

168 

168 

168 

168 

168 

168  168 

168 

168 

168 

168 

168 

168 

168  168  168 

<»:oo 

20 

108 

126 

+ 

+ 

86 

II213S 

140 

1,38 

1.38 

124 

+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 

140 

140138  140 

10:00 

22 

78 

106 

56 

90  120 

126 

118 

118 

100 

122 

124  J18  116 

I  1:00 

24 

58 

86 

38 

72  102 

112 

102 

98 

80 

106 

104  102 

98 

12  m. 

24 

48 

70 

34 

60 

90 

IOC 

88 

86 

68 

94 

92    90 

86 

1  :oo 

28 

42 

62 

32 

52 

78 

92 

78 

76 

58 

84 

80    78 

74 

2:00 

26 

36 

52 

32 

44 

68 

84 

68 

64 

50 

74 

72 

70 

66 

5:00 

24 

34 

46 

32 

40 

62 

76 

66 

58 

44 

66 

64 

62 

60 

4:00 

24 

32 

44 

32 

38 

56    72 

56    52 

42 

62 

60 

58 

54 

•Leaky,      t  Frozen.      Jliursted. 


TEST  No.   54. 


Temperature  of  Water  in  Canteens. 

lluur 

Out- 

Same  canteens,  ,•--'■■■   -       ,-tc..  as  in  Test  No.  53.  except  that  a  snowstorm 

Temp. 

]                          t  of  the  time  covered  by  tlie  test. 

A 

B 

c 

i» 

I-. 

1 

170 

11 
170 

I 
170 

170 

L 
170 

M 

N 

0 

I70T7O  170 

T 

a .  in . 
8:00 

+22 

170 

170 

170 

170 

170 

<>:oo 

24 

116 

132 

106 

146 

140 

•so 

1,38 

1.36 

128 

146  144  146 

•42 

10:00 

26 

82 

104 

70 

114 

120 

n2 

116 

114 

104 

124  126  122 

nS 

11:00 

26 

66 

88 

52 

94 

102 

120 

102 

98 

88 

no  no'io6 

1 

104 

12:00 

!>.  m. 

1:00 

28 

52 

74 

42 

78 

90 

no 

88 

86 

72 

98   96|  94 

90 

^.o 

46 

66 

38 

68 

80 

102 

80 

78 

64 

88   86    84 

80 

2:00 

30 

40 

58 

36 

58 

72  92 

70 

68 

56 

80    78    74 

70 

^:oo 

30 

38 

52 

32 

50 

64  84 

64 

62 

50 

72    70J  66 

64 

4:00 

28 

36 

48 

32 

_44 

60'  80 

_5« 

_S6 

46 

66   64I  60 

58 

70 


IIlbTOKV    Ul     Tin:    MILITAUV    CANTliEN. 


P 


Sr/rc/e  ^e/t  cci/er.    Capaciiy  £y  cf.  f/md 
measure,  tfe'9^t  Q  or /^vct'rdupeia . 


Seo/e :       ^ 


HISTORY   OF   THE    MILITARY    CAxXTIihlN. 
TEST  No.  55. 


71 


Temperature  of  Water  in  Canteens. 

Out- 
side 
Temp. 

Hour. 

Each  cinteen  filled. 

A 

B 

c 

u 

E 

!•• 

G 

H 

I 

K 

L 

M 

N 

0 

1* 

Q 

R 

Si 

r 

a.m. 

S.oo 

tl2 

."JZ 

52 

52 

l^ 

52 

52 

52 

.S2 

.S2 

S2 

'52 

S2 

S2 

9.00 

8 

t 

3« 

t 

*42 

42 

42 

42 

35^ 

42 

42 

42 

42 

10.00 

8 

32 

3b 

3i> 

3b 

34 

32 

36 

36 

36 

3+ 

1 1. 00 

8 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

12.00 

10 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

t 

32 

32 

32 

32 

1.00 

14 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

2.00 

16 

32, 

32 

32 

32 

t 

32 

32 

32 

32 

3.00 

18 

32, 

32 

32 

'f 

32 

32 

S2 

32 

4.00 

22 

t  1 

32 

+ 

t 

t 

32 

+ 

32 

*Leal<y.     t  Frozen.     tBursted. 


Out. 

side 

Temp. 

Temperature  of  Water  in  Canteens. 

Hour. 

Each  canteen  filled. 

A      B 

c 

n 

E 

I-- 

G 

u 

I 

K 

L 

M 

N 

0 

P 

"i 

R 

b 

T 

a.m. 

I 

7. so 

*24 

.SO 

50 

.SO 

50 

.SO 

.SO 

.SO 

SO 

SO 

SO 

SO 

SO 

8.50I 

26 

40 

42 

3b 

*4b 

4b 

4b 

4b 

42 

46 

46 

46 

44 

9-50 

26 

34 

40 

32 

42 

44 

42 

42 

38 

42 

44 

42 

42 

10.50 

30 

34 

3<^ 

32 

40 

42 

40 

40 

3b 

40 

42 

42 

40 

11.50 

32 

34 

34 

32 

3ii 

40 

3S 

40 

34 

40 

40 

40 

38 

12.50 

34 

34 

34 

32 

38 

40 

38 

40 

34 

38 

40 

40 

38 

1.50 

3b 

34 

34 

34 

3^ 

40 

3b 

38 

34 

38 

40 

40 

38 

2.50 

3« 

3b 

34 

3b 

3b 

3« 

3b 

38 

3b 

3^ 

38 

38 

38 

350 

3'"> 

3b 

31 

3b 

3^ 

3X 

38 

38 

3b 

38 

38 

38 

38 

'Leak\ 


TEST  No.  57. 


Out- 
side 
Temp. 

'IVniperaturo  of  Water  in  Canteens. 

Hour. 

It  rained   during  part  of  the  time.     All  canteens  filled. 

A 

B 

C       D 

K 

V 

G 

H 

I    1    K 

L 

M 

N 

0 

P 

Q 

R 

s 

T 































— 



a .  m . 

7-45 

M2 

52 

52 

52 

52 

52 

52 

52 

S2 

S2 

S2 

S2 

8.45 

34 

4b 

44 

40 

*46 

50 

52 

46 

46 

48 

46 

46 

945 

34 

40 

42 

3b 

42 

4b 

50 

42! 

44 

46 

44 

44 

10.45 

36 

40 

40 

3b 

42 

44 

4b 

40 

44 

44 

44 

42 

"•45 

38 

40 

38 

3^ 

42 

44 

4b 

40 

42 

44 

42 

42 

12.45 

42 

40 

40 

i 

40 

42 

44 

46 

40 

42 

44 

42 

42 

1-45 

42 

42 

40 

40 

42 

44 

44 

42 

42 

44 

42 

42 

2.45 

40 

40 

40 

i    40 

42 

42 

44           42; 

42 

44 

42 

42 

3-45 

40 

40 

38 

1   40 

421   42|__ 

42           40 

__ 

42 

42 

42 

42 

*  Leaky. 


72 


IIISTOKY    or    Tllli    Mll.lTAKV    CANTliliX. 
TEST  No.   5«. 


1 

Temperature  < 

jf  Water 

in  Canteens 

Iluiir 

'r«:ni 

Every  canteen  was  filled  to  its  capacity. 

A 

II 

(J 

1' 

1. 

I' 

(; 

M 

I 

K 

L 

M 

N     0 

I' 

Q 

K 

S       T 

i; 

a.tii. 

Hh 

*I2 

54    54 

54 

•54 

54 

54 

54 

54 

54 

54    54 

54 

St.". 

12 

U   38 

3- 
t 

42 

44 

46 

3b 

1 

42 

42   42    42]  42 

9<;. 

14 

32    32 

38 

38 

40 

32 

3^ 

36    36    361  38 

Ift.f. 

»4 

32    32 

32 

32 

34 

32 

' 

32 

32    32:  32    34 

ii.r. 

If) 

32|  32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

j 

32    32    32    32    32 

12.45 

l6 

32'  32 

32 

32 

32 

t 

; 

32    32    32'  32    32 

\M 

i6 

V\' 

32 

32 

32 

1 

1 

32    32i  32    32!  32 

2.45 

IS 

32 

32 

r 

j 

32   32'  32    32    32 

3.45 

1 8 

1 
1 

32 

32 

'       1 

t     32I  32    32    32 

*  Leaky,     t  Frozen. 


TEST  No.   .")'.>. 


Out- 
side 
Tcin. 

Temperature  of  Water  in  Canteens. 

Hour 

All  conditions  identical  with  Test  No.  58. 

A 

B 

C 

D 

E 

F  1   G 

H 

I    1    K 

L 

M 

N 

0 

P 

Q 

R 

S 

T 

V 

a.m. 

7..50 

-4 

52 

52 

52 

52 

52 

52 

52 

52 

52 

52 

52 

52 

S..SO 

4 

■?- 

32 

32 

*36 

38 

42 

32 

38 

36 

36 

36 

3f> 

».!)() 

4 

+ 

+ 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

10.!)ll 

2 

32 

32 

32 

t 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

ll.iiO 

0 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

I2..'i0 

0 

t 

32 

32 

32 

32 

l..i(l 

*2 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

2.1)0 

2 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

3.i)0 

4 

.    t 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

'Leaky.     fFrozen.     tBursted. 


TEST   No.    (10. 


Out- 
side 
Temp. 

Temperature  of  Water  in  Canteens. 

Hour. 

All  the  canteens  were  filled.   Snow  fell  during  a  portion  of  the  time  covered  by  test . 

A 

n  j  C    1)     E 
1              170 

F    1    G 

1 
170  170 

H 

I 
170 

K 

L. 
170 

M 

N 

0 

P 

Q 
170 

R 
170 

s 
170 

T 
170 

u 

S.tX)a.in. 

+  2 

170 

170 

9.00   " 

2 

108 

104 

138  1 3*' 

136 

128 

138 

142 

138 

136 

142 

10.00  " 

10 

70 

1   64 

108  112 

H4 

94 

u8 

118 

114 

114 

116 

11.00  " 

«4 

52 

1   42 

86 

96 

94 

74 

100  100 

qS 

Q4 

100 

12.00  m. 

iS 

40 

32 

72 

82 

80 

60 

86 

86 

84 

80 

86 

I  .Oop.  m. 

20 

34 

1       .    32 

60 

70 

70 

50 

74 

74 

76 

70 

74 

200  " 

22 

32 

!      32 

48 

60 

60 

42 

64 

64 

62 

60 

64 

300  " 

22 

32 

'      32 

42 

54 

52 

36 

56 

56 

56 

52 

56 

4.00   " 

20 

32 

1    1    1  32 

38   40 

4b 

32 

50 

50 

50 

46 

SO 

Memorandum  made  of  the  fact  that  Canteen  "L"  held  60  fluid  ozs.  when  capacity 
wa-  nien>urcd  prior  to  Test  No.  37.  Owing  to  ilihition  due  to  freezing,  its  capacity 
was  64  lliiid  n/s.  Nvlu-n  Ti'sl  \.i.  (>o  u.ix  niiilc. 


IIISTUKV    OF    THE    MILITARV    CA.N TliliX, 
TEST  No.   Gl. 


7Z 


Temperature  of  Water  in  Canteens. 

Hour. 

side 
Temp. 

All  the  canteens  were  filled. 

A 

H     C 

U 

K 

K       G 

H 

I 

K 

172 

M 

.N 

0 

1' 

(J 
172 

K 
172 

.s 
172 

T 
172 

»-' 

7.500.111. 

0 

172 

172 

172  172 

172 

172 

8.50    " 

+    2 

90 

66 

136,130 

132 

112 

I3« 

136 

'34 

«34 

•  .V' 

9.50    " 

4 

S2 

32 

102  108 

104 

1^ 

112 

106  io8 

lOb 

1 10 

10.50    " 

8 

.S4 

32 

80    86 

S4 

.S6 

92 

86 

86 

!-6 

88 

11.50    " 

12 

32 

32 

60 

70 

66 

40 

76 

70 

72 

68 

70 

I2.5Cp,  111. 

14 

32 

32 

48 

60 

56 

34 

64 

5« 

62 

5« 

60 

1.50   " 

18 

32 

t 

3« 

50 

48 

32 

54 

50 

'=2 

50 

50 

2.50    " 

20 

3^ 

32 

44 

40 

32 

46 

42 

44 

42 

44 

3-50   " 

20 

32 

32 

3« 

36 

32 

42 

3« 

40 

3« 

l^ 

t  Frozen. 


TEST   No.  G2. 


Out- 
side 
Temp. 

Temperature  of  Water  in  Canteens. 

Hour. 

AH  the  canteens  were  filled. 

A   1  B 

C 

D 

E 

1 68 

K 
168 

G 
168 

11 

I 
168 

K 

L    M 

1 

16S1 

N 

0 

I' 

Q 
168 

i6s'i68 

-.    ,u 

8.00a.  111. 

+20 

168 

168  168 

9.00    " 

20 

108 

90 

1.36 

i.3« 

136 

124 

140 

1 38  140 

140  138 

10.00    " 

20 

74 

';4 

108 

116 

112 

94 

118 

u8  118 

114  1 18 

11.00    " 

20 

52: 

36 

82 

g6 

Q4 

72 

106 

98   98 

96 

98 

12.00111. 

20 

40; 

32 

64 

80 

80 

S6 

86 

84 

82 

80 

84 

Loop. 111. 

20 

32; 

32 

SO 

68 

68 

48 

7b 

72 

70 

70 

74 

2.00    " 

22 

,32! 

32 

42 

60 

.S« 

40 

66 

62 

62 

60 

64 

3- 00  " 

22 

32; 

32 

32 

46 

SO 

34 

5b 

54 

54 

52 

56 

4.00  " 

20 

32 

32 

32 

46 

46 

32 

_ 

50 

48I  48 

48 

60 

TEST  No.  (i;;. 


Temperature  of  Water  in  Canteens. 

Out 

Hour.    Mde 

i 

\ll  the  canteens  were  filled. 

r. 

A 

li    C       E 

G        H 

I 

I, 

»^ 

R 

s  T  !    u 

V 

W 

X 





— 





■ 



a.  in.    I 

8:00    +14 

184 

184 

1 84 

184 

184 

184 

184 

184 

184 

184 

9:00 

16 

100 

90 

144 

144 

130 

150 

144 

144 

140 

148 

10.00 

26 

70 

54 

122 

122 

too 

126 

122 

122 

120 

124 

11:00 

28 

S4 

40 

102 

102 

80 

106 

106 

104 

100 

106 

12  111. 

30 

44 

34 

88 

86 

66 

94 

88 

88 

86 

92 

1:00 

32 

40 

32 

781 

76 

56 

82 

80 

80 

76 

82 

2:00 

34 

3S 

:  32 

68 

68 

SO 

72 

70 

60 

68 

72 

3:co 

3" 

36 

36 

58  ' 

S6 

46 

66 

64 

64 

62 

66 

4:00 

36 

36 

36 

5^  . 

56 

44 

62 

60  1  60      56 

60  ; 

— 

74 


IIIMOUV    (11       llli:     MII.ITANV    C.VNTKI'.N. 
TEST  No.   <;  1. 


■Iciiiperaturc  of  Water  in  Canteens. 


Iluiir. 

Oill 

side 
T. 

Each  canteen  was  filled. 

A 

H 

C 

E 

G 

H 

I 

L 

Q 

R 

S 

T 

U|    V 

w 

X 

a.  m. 

7-45 

+26 

48 

48 

48 

48 

48 

48 

48 

48 

48 

4S 

S.4S 

P 

40 

40 

44 

44 

44 

44 

4b 

44 

44 

4b 

9  45 

^•* 

38 

36 

42 

42 

40 

42 

42 

42 

42 

44 

lo.  .5 

1  3^ 

38 

38 

42 

42 

40 

42 

42 

42 

4^ 

4-5 

11.45 

'  3S   38 

38 

42 

40 

40 

42 

42 

42 

42 

42 

12.45 

36  36 

3*? 

40 

40 

3? 

40 

40 

40 

40 

42 

1. 45 

u 

36 

36 

40 

38 

38 

40 

40 

40 

40 

40 

2-45 

S4 

34 

34 

3^ 

38 

36 

40 

38 

3^ 

38 

38 

345 

32 

32 

1 

34 

36 

36 

34 

38 

30 

38 

3b 

3^ 

TEST  No.   05. 


Out- 

.■iide 
Temp. 


+38 

38 
40 
40 
42 
42 
42 
40 
38 


Temperature  of  Water  in  Canteen. 


Each  canteen  was  full. 


162 
102! 

76 
62 

56 

50 
4!> 

44 
4 


162 

82 
56 
46, 

•14 
44 
441 
42] 
40 


H      I 


Q  I  R 


162:162  162  162  162  162  162  162  162 
136:138  132  118  13S  134  I34!i32  132 
Ii4ll24'll4l  92  118  112  Il4|ii2  112 

IOo!lI2jIOO     78  IO4J    9S  I<X)     98!    98 


88;  681  92  86  90  86  88 
76'  60!  82'  78,  80  76'  78 
70  54J  76  70  72  70,  72 
64  50  68  64  66  64!  64 
6o|  461  621  60I  6o|  60I  60 


162 

162 

162 

100 

76 

74 

74 

52 

50 

64 

44 

44 

5fa 

44 

42 

52 

44 

42 

SO 

42 

42 

46 

*40 

*-;o 

42 

40 

40 

■l.caky.-  Leakage  in  "W"'  and  "X"  occurred  at  points  where  lugs  were  riveted  to  the  flask. 


TEST  No.  M. 

Kadi  canteen  was  full.  A  severe  t>nu\vsioiin  coniinuoii.sly  prevailed  during  this 
test.  All  canteens  were  suspended  from  a  trestle  and  expcsed  to  a  high  wind  which 
kept  ihem  in  motion. 


Outside       l_ 
'remperalure.   .\ 


00  a. 
on  m 

no    ' 
00    ' 

■^ 

4 

♦  Vro/en. 

+JI 


Temperature  of  Water  in  Canteens. 


UlC    E|GlH:I|LlQ;R|S|TiU|V|W|X 


111'  '  11 

50  50  50  50  50  50  50  50  50  50  50  5015050 

38        I        36505050484044444646^383634 

I  36  40  44  40  3'' 40  3^  .>8  38  38' 32 |t  32 
32  30142  36  34  30  34  34  34  34|32  I32 
3234140  32  32  34,343413^:341321     I32 


IIISTOKV    or    Till-:    MILIJAKV    CAXlthX. 


75 


Aft    /el /a. 
Coi/tr  CL/tci  oarhinz  hook.        tr/lJreui  cover. 


ATo    /IS/b 

TourCai  Fiask  trcii  /kit 
Cot/er  and.  au/i,v*.L . 


Jndiatt  Army  JSoit 
ami  Ttatrftfy  sirap 


/Ve.  //O 
/7a3/t  /vr  Soldiers 


JlMmiJtu/r.  F7ask.5   Ovm.  tf^  Lanx  ^/jr.  Co.,  Circa^jcMid,.  iy  m/AsJm Buy.  ludt/rocAtiiJfti-'V- 


-(,  iii.siuin    (II    tin:   Mii.iTAUV   cani  i:i:x. 

TEST  No.    (IT. 

l.iu  h  i.iiilccii  was  full.      A  .siuiwstoi  til  ].iLvaik<l  ilmiiij^  lii.>t  half  o(  tc.^l.       All  <>f 
till-  ranlcfus  were  .su«.|)ciu1liI  from  a  trestle  so  that  free  circulation  obtained. 


i Frozen. 


Temperature  of  Water  in  Canteens. 


I  liilsicic         ;  _ 
Icmiieraturc.      AlK    (I    It      I      1- I  V     R|S     T  i  U  I  V    W  j  X    II    A-I 


.S.30  a.  in. 
y.30    " 
10.30    "     . 

12.301..  in. 
1.30  "  . 
2.30      " 

.V30  "  ■ 
4.30      "     . 


+  16 

'9 
20 
20 
20 

kS 
iS 

"J 
19 


5050 
38,t 

32 

t 


3234 

132,32 
I     l32t 


5050 
4036 

3'S  32 

t  |32, 

32 
32 
32 
32 
32 


50  50  50 

40  40  40 

36  3^'  3<S 
■^6  16  i6 


50505020 
40  40  36  t 

40  3'''32[ 
3^3632; 


323235323232 
32  32  34132  32  32' 
32  3232,323232 
3213232  >2  32-t-  I 
32132  t   t  I32!     ' 


TEST  No.  (>S. 


I'.ach  filled  caiiloeii  wa.s  ]ihmgcd    into  a  .snow  br.iik,  and  kept  buried  in  tiie  .snow 
tlnouyh  the  jK-riod  of  the  test — eijjht  and  one-half  hours. 


Outside 
Temperature. 


Temperature  of  AVatcr  in  Canteens. 


S.30 

10.00 

11.00 

12.00 

1. 00 

2.00 

3.00 

4.00 

vOO 


+25 
20 
26 


HI   I      LlQ  I  K 


6o|      606060606060 

421485242464242,44 
383648424442:4242 

36  32]38;38  42;40  42'40 

40344^,4040404040 
3232,42  3S  42  3S  40  40 
323240I3S3S34403S 

5232I4013838343838 
?2  32,3Si36  30  34  36  36 


s  I T 1  u  V  \v  I  X ,  B  ;  A- 1 


6060,696060601 

42  46|4S40  32]42  5o| 
4244:4638323450 
4044443632  3246 
4042,52363813246, 
3S42  44  36  34'32;42 
38404035  3213238! 
38  38  38  34  32  32  36, 
38  38l38  34  32l.^2  34! 


rK.\cTic.\i.  Si-:rvici-:  Conditioxs  Simulated  bv  Tiisrs  of  Canteens. 

Ill  iiiakinof  tests  i)f  canteens  and  canteen  flasks,  effort  has  been 
uiade  to  sinuilate  conditions  of  military  service  as  nearlv  as  possible. 
In  every  test  it  has  been  assumed  that  a  soldier  is  equipped  with  a 
canteen  capable  of  holdinj^-  abotit  three  (3)  pints  of  water;  further, 
that  he  is  in  the  open  air  h  r  a  period  of  eight  (8)  hours,  at  the 
I  xpiralioii  of  which  time  his  canteen  has  either  been  emptied, 
partly  emjitied.  or  rehlled.  In  some  of  the  tests  it  has  been  assumed 
that  the  season  of  the  year  was  summer;  in  other  tests  that  the 
season  was  winter. 

All  canteens,  or  canteen  llasks  or  water  bottles,  have  been  sub- 
jected to  the  same,  and  tmil'orm.  tests.  In  mv  tests,  the  present 
regulation  .service  canteen  has  been  included;  this  to  aid  in  consider- 
tng  the  (juestion  (  f  relative  merit.  The  canteens  have  not  been  of 
the  .same  dimensions  or  capacity,  but  the  tests  have  been  so  varied 
as  to  insure  fairness. 


htstorv  of  the  mil.itarv  caxtf.ex.  .  ']'] 

Methods  ov   Testixc;  C-\mi:ens,  Canteen   I-'easks,  Water  Hut- 
tees,  Etc.,  Intended  for  L'si-.  in  the  Military  Ser\- 

ICE,  OliSERVED  Ar  HeAUOUARTERS,  DEPART- 
MENT OF  Dakota,  St.    1'al'l, 

MlXNESOl'A. 

Every  part  of  each  canteen,  llask,  inner  co\er,  outer  cover,  cork, 
etc.,  was  examined  as  to  material.  qualit\-,  construction,  weight,  etc. 

Capacity  of  flasks  in  fltiid  ounces  noted 

Weight  of  feh.  canvas,  chick,  or  other  material  employed  as  cov- 
ering, separately  taken,  when  saturated. 

The  canteen  was  then  immersed  for  period  varying  from  thirty 
seconds  to  twelve  (12)  hours,  and  the  total  weight  taken. 

The  canteen  flask  was  then  filled  with  water,  the  temperature 
of  which  varied  from  40  degrees  V.  to  178  degrees  E.,  and  exposed 
usually  for  a  period  of  eight  days,  each  canteen  having  an  exposure 
each  day  of  eight  (8)  consecutive  hours  to  an  open  air  temperature 
varying  from  minus  10  degrees,  E.,  to  plus  125  degrees,  E. 

In  some  cases  the  canteen  flask  was  not  filled  when  so  expensed. 
In  some  cases  hot  coffee  or  hot  tea  was  used  instead  of  water.  In 
some  of  the  tests  the  exterior  surface  of  the  canteen  was  wet  before 
the  test.  In  some  of  the  tests  the  exterior  surface  of  the  canteen 
was  dry  before  and  during  the  test,  l^xperiments  were  made  with 
l)oth  wet  and  dr}-  covers. 

Tests  were  ecjuitable  and  impartial.  No  unfair  interference  with 
any  canteen  during  a  test — as  by  wetting  or  adjusting — was  prac- 
ticed. When  conditions  or  positions  or  environments  were  changed 
during  the  progress  of  a  test,  record  of  same  was  noted  and  made. 

In  some  of  the  tests  the  canteens  were  suspended  from  a  trestle 
or  tree,  where  free  circulation  and  exposure  to  air.  light  and  heat 
or  cold,  was  maintained,  without  contact,  for  several  hours. 

Some  of  the  tests  involved  attaching  the  canteen  to  the  saddle 
and  subse(|uent  transportation  for  several  hours,  the  canteens  Ix'ing 
attached  in  such  a  manner  as  to  receive  warmth  from  theliody  of 
the  horse. 

In  some  cases  the  filled,  or  partlv  filled,  canteen  was  thrown 
into  an  army  wagon  and  so  jolted  around  for  a  ilay — more  or  less — 
on  a  hunting  or  fishing  trip,  the  tests  being  made  during  the  trij)  or 
immediately  at  its  conclusion. 

Mercurial  thermometers  were  used  in  testing,  imiform  make, 
selected    for  tuiiform   readings.      None   others   employed. 

Beside  each  canteen,  or  between  the  canteens,  wi.en   suspended 


y<^  III.VloKV    ol-    Tin:    MII.IT.M<V    (A  XTKF.N. 

;.ii.l  uIk'IU'Vci-  pos.sil.U'  at  all.  a  iJKrniomcUT  ua>  Imii-  in.iii  uliirl) 
li.,iiily  n-adin.us  wiix-  taken  by  insiTtiuns  in  llic  lluiil  within  llu; 
canteen.  (  )nt.si(lc  tetn|KTatnic  taken  iKiinly  (Ui  the  spcjl.  Thcr- 
nioinelers  ucic  fi-ef|nently  cmipared  and  verified     Sec  cnt  of  Trestle 

nseck 

DnruiL;  Mmie  ol'  the  tests  a  I'ew  ounces  of  water  were  taken  from 
the  canteens  cvrvv  luMir  or  so.  When  this  was  done  the  water  was 
not    replace(k 

The  tests  cover  a  period  emhracini^  sprini;-.  snmnier.  fall,  wniter. 
and  were  made  in  many  localities. 

Durintj  some  of  the  tests  the  canteen  was  kepi  in  constant 
motion  hy  the  wind,  or  hy  joltint;-  on  a  moving  bicycle,  or  by  pre- 
vailing- rain  or  snow  storms.  In  the  majority  of  the  tests,  tropical 
condition  or  friq-id  conditions  did  not  have  to  be  simulated:  they 
prevailed. 

In  some  ca.ses  the  canteen  was  tested  by  laying  on  the  grass  or 
the  ground,  on  the  sand,  on  a  window  sill  of  granite,  under  canvas, 
on  a  governiuent  blanket,  tent  floor,  house  top  or  roof;  the  position 
being  either  Hat,  tipped  up,  etc.  Sometimes  the  canteents  were  laid 
on  the  snow,  or  in  contact  with  ice. 

In  exceptional  cases,  the  canteen  was  placed  in  a  hot  air  sterilizer, 
used  as  an  incubator:  or  in  a  cold  storage  room,  or  l)eer  vault  of 
uniform  temperature,  thermometer  always  with  it.  but  I  have  con-t 
eluded  that  these,  being  artificial  tests,  are  unsafe  guides. 

An  exceptional  manner  of  testing  it  was  to  place  the  canteen 
so  as  to  receive  the  direct  action  of  a  fire  f?om  a  fire-i)lace  or  stove; 
or  in  an  oven,  or  the  direct  or  indirect  action  of  a  steam  or  hot  air 
radiator.  Some  were  lumg  over  boilers  in  such  manner  as  to  secure 
high  and  uniform  tem])eratin-e.  Some  were  cx])Osed  under  glass 
covers  exposed  to  the  sun  and  so  placed  as  to  allow  free  access  of 
air. 

.\1I  if  these  tests  rej^orled  from  these  head(|uarters  were  made 
l)y  one  ])erson.  Xo  other  person  hantlled  the  canteens  or  thermome- 
ters. Tn  these  latter  tests  the  canteens  under  trial,  and  thermometers, 
remaini-il  in  the  hands  of  that  person. 

In  cases  where  a  canteen  became  from  anv  cause  too  leakv  for 
further  use,  or  burst,  or  colla])sed.  it  was  replaced  when  practicable 
bv  another  c^.f  the  same  kind  and  the  latter  treated  as  a  new  canteen. 

When  a  canteen  passed  through  the  regular  tests,  i.  e.,  eight 
(lays  of  eight  consecutive  hours  each,  it  was  subjected  to  supple- 
mentarv  tests  to  determine  its  endurance,  etc. 


iiiSToin'  oi    Till-:  .Mii.ri.\u\'  c.\\Ti:i:.\.  79 

In  inililan'  SLr\icc  any  anti  ever\-  canlcin  is  certain  to  he  .suli- 
juctcd  U)  hard  usage;  to  he  knocked  ahoul,  lo  he  hent  or  haltered: 
hence  a  fair  degree  of  tensile  strength,  (hirahility  and  rigidity  is  a 
requisite  to  he  taken  into  consideration. 

Ai.UMixr.M  AS  A  Maii:kiai.  i-ok  C'ax  ri:i:.\  ]'i,asks. 

The  working  of  ahnninuni  hy  forging,  rolhng.  stamping,  spin- 
ning, casting,  joining  and  finishing  may  yet  inchide  the  i)roduction 
of  an  .American-made  canteen  in  a  single  i)iece  suited  to  military 
service. 

Of  all  the  European  countries,  Italy  is  prohahly  as  far  advanced 
as  any  in  the  utilization  of  aluminimi  for  practical  and  scientific 
purposes.  In  the  army,  aluminum  is  there  used  to  make  the  fuses  for 
the  shells  of  their  guns.  In  the  navy  for  searchlight  purposes,  furni- 
ture on  board  torpedo  destroyers,  also  in  the  metallic  j^art  of  telephone 
apparatus. 

Alumimnn  is  used  in  ih.e  liritish  army  for  officers'  outfits;  for 
water  bottles;  cavalr\-  mess  kits;  '"Chitral"  canteens;  infantry  can- 
teens ;  regimental  mess  utensils  and  table  ware. 

The  British  army  infantry  aluminum  canteen  consists  of  an 
outside  pot  about  /i  inches  in  diameter  Ijy  7  inches  deep,  with  lid 
and  lf>ose  handle  for  packing,  military  camp  kettle  with  folding 
handles  and  detachable  spout,  one  set  of  three  cups,  each  with  fold- 
ing handle,  nested,  and  tea  ball,  all  fitting  inside  kettle.  Jn  addition 
to  the  above  are  included  3  plates,  knives,  forks,  dessert  and  tea 
spoons,  and  three  condiment  boxi's.  The  whole  of  these  are  packed 
in  the  outside  j)ot.  yl  inches  by  7  inches,  and  the  total  weight  is  about 
four  pounds. 

One  maker  has  designed  a  canteen  for  either  two.  three,  or  iouv 
persons,  and  named  it  "Chitral."  This  has  proved  a  great  success, 
as  it  is  a  frequent  custom  for  two.  three  or  four  officers  to  mess 
together,  and  by  combining  they  can  reduce  their  kit  very  consider- 
ably. The  "Chitral"  canteen  consists  of  a  deep  outer  pot,  loi  inches 
in  diameter  1>y  to  inches  deep,  and  made  of  stout  metal  to  stand 
knocking  about.  The  lid  of  this  is  a  similar  i)ot  which  drops  over  the 
to]),  but  shallower,  and  thus  forms  a  telescopic  parcel,  as  it  were,  in 
case  of  extra  articles  to  be  crowded  into  the  canteen. 

Inside  this  pot  are  fitted  a  camp  kettle,  sugar,  tea,  coffee,  and 
flour  boxes,  tea  ball,  three  ondiment  boxes,  cups  and  saucers,  dinntr 
and  soup  plates,  drinking  cujis  and  flask,  and  wine  nnigs.  these 
latter  all  nesting,  li(inor  cu]is.  frying  pan  with  folding  handle, 
knives,  forks,  dessert  and  tea  spoons,  and  loose  handle  for  pot  and 


llls■|■^l<^    oi'    Tin: 


Mii.ii Ain    t  .\.\  ii:i-:n'. 


cc 

£!fiameleci  Mcial  Ca>ftzQ:./r  /^/as^  bou^At  ii/ iJie  i/.S. ,t^/7./9oo 
from  thf  ^uiu^ue  Jon/cL  S/fatrre/r'/tf  Co.,  Coaacc£y  ■^■^  ^ /"/ukZ  ou*?ces. 
»retfJrt ,  /i/Zed,  cootrj  on  anci  Ury,  ajfotrelunois  ii'^i^.  *retfAi,/'i7/eoL. 
covtrs   Oft,  afitr  ttft  mirrnies  t/n/nefsio/t,  OMoircfuacAs  ?S  ouncis>. 
Ihitffft  o/ 1)>€   inamtlKci  f/aiTc,  e/**^6y  rro  covers  o/t ,  /6  ^  OX.  av. 


HISTORY    Ol-    THI-:    MILITARY    CANTEEN.  8l 

lid.      ilic   w  hulc   is   held   tugelhcr   with   a   stont   strap  and    forms  a 
most  ccjiivcniciU  parcel  for  Iransporl. 

A  variety  of  otlicr  similar  canteens  and  mess  tins  in  aluminum 
are  being  made  accordin-g  to  the  \ariuus  requirements  of  different 
regimental  officers,  but  the  above  has  been  turned  out  at  the  rate  of 
some  hundreds  per_  week  during  the  last  four  months,  and  the 
demand  is  as  great  as  ever. 

Some  of.  the  larger  regimental  messes  of  the  various  army  corps 
as  they  left  England  went  so  far  as  to  adopt  aluminum  entirely  in 
place  of  copper,  iron,  tin,  porcelain,  earthenware,  glass,  etc.  I 
mean  by  this  that  not  only  were  the  kitchens  equipped  witli  aluminum 
utensils,  but  the  officers  used  aluminum  exclusively  at  the  mess 
tabic.  Wine  glasses,  decanters,  milk  jugs,  teapots,  candlesticks, 
trays,  in  fact  nothing  but  aluminum  was  taken  so  long  as  makers 
could  be  found  who  had  a  stock  of  such  articles  in  aluminum  or 
could  make  them  in  the  short  time  required. 

I  have  had  frequent  conversations  with  officers  on  their  return 
from  various  campaigns,  both  from  India,  Egypt,  and  West  Africa, 
during  the  last  few  years,  who  have  taken  out  and  used  aluminum 
kits,  and  they  have  assured  me  that  they  ha\e  no  fault  to  find  with 
the  metal  and  failed  to  conceive  why  the  metal  was  not  adopted  at 
once  throughout  the  service. 

There  is  every  prospect  for  a  further  demand  and  use  of  alu- 
minum for  military  purposes. 

The  British-ljoer  War  in  South  Africa  has  stimulated  a  demand 
for  aluminum  field  cooking  and  messing  outfits,  thus  spreading  the 
fame  of  aluminum  and  knowledge  of  its  advantages  for  portable 
gear  among  a  class  of  men  who  will  understand  and  appreciate 
them. 

The  German  Army,  as  well  as  the  field  forces  of  other  con- 
tinental powers,  are  equipped  with  aluminum,  and  the  dead  weight 
per  man  of  superfluous  ornamentation  and  equipment  has  been  con- 
siderably reduced,  tending  to  increased  efficiency  as  a  fighting  unit. 
At  a  meeting  of  the  Mining  and  iVIetallurgical  Section  of  the 
I'^ranklin  Institute,  I'hiladeiphia,  Joseph  A.  Steinmetz  stated  that 
the  plants  now  producing  alumiiunii  are  those  of  the  Pittsburg 
Reduction  Company,  at  New  Kensington,  I'a.,  and  Niagara  Ealls. 
N.  Y. ;  the  British  Aluminum  Company,  of  England  ;  the  Aluminum 
Industrie  Actien  Gesellschaft,  at  Neuhausen,  at  the  I-'alls  of  the 
Rhine,  in  Switzerland  ;  the  Societe  Electrometallurgiijue  b^rancaise, 
at  La  Praz ;  the  Societe  Industrielle  de  rAluminum,  at  St.  Alichel, 
in   b'rance.     There   are  also  se\eral   large   plants   projected   and   in 


g2  iirsTuuv  oi-  Tin;  mii.i  ^Al<^    cAXTiiiiX. 

CDiirsc  oi  ct)iistnictii>n,   iiutahly   up' mi   ihc   Si.    Lawrciux'    Isivcr.   in 
Canada,  ami  at    Klifiiiichk-n  and   Sal/Jnng,   in   Cicrniany. 

IIk-  aluniinnni  canteen  llasks  met  the  test  uf  exposure  in  the  open 
air  to  a  tenii)erature  varying  from  10  degrees  F.  to  2  degrees  ¥. 
better  than  the  tin  ilasks.  Jn  durabihty  they  woukl  better  fulfill 
the  requirements  of  actual  use,  so  exposed. 

Their  cost  will  be  contingent  on  the  market  price  of  aluminum, 
which  metal  has  been  constantly  cheapening  since  its  first  introfluc- 
tion  for  manufacturing  purposes. 

The  variety  of  shape,  construction,  sizes,  style,  etc.,  of  aluminum 
canteen  flasks  and  water  bottles  is  increasing,  and  American  manu- 
facturers have  shown  a  determination  to  compete  with  the  oldest 
European  aluminum  industries,  as  well  as  with  one  another. 

It  is  claimed  that  it  takes  only  one-third  of  a  pound  of  aluminum 
to  take  the  place  of  a  pound  of  brass,  tin,  or  copper.  Assuming 
this,  the  price  of  one-third  of  a  pound  of  aluminum  compared  with 
that  of  one  pound  of  brass,  copper,  or  tin,  stands  as  follows :  One- 
third  pound  of  aluminum  1 1  cents ;  one  pound  of  brass,  15  cents  ;  one 
pound  of  copper,  75  cents  ;  one  pound  of  tin,  30  cents. 

rrol)ably  some  of  the  aluminum  canteen  flasks,  or  canteens, 
tested  by  me  have  been  alloyed  with,  perhaps,  five  per  cent  of  cop- 
per, nickel,  or  manganese,  or  a  larger  percentage  of  zinc  added  to 
give  strength  and  rigidity.  Canteens  F,  J\I,  N,  and  O,  appear  to  be 
a  hard  white  alloy  and  are  polished.  Flasks  D  and  K,  also  canteen 
L.  are  soft,  malleable,  silky,  tough,  and  satin  finished,  elastic,  un- 
polished. Their  elastic  qualities  are  especially  apparent  in  a  freez- 
ing environment  when  they  commence  to  bulge,  but  not  rupture  or 
break,  as  the  water  within  the  flask  begins  to  congeal.  When  the 
water  is  converted  into  ice,  an  expansion  ensues,  the  ductile  alum- 
inum yields  to  the  pressure,  the  concave  side  becomes  protuberant 
and  permanently  swelled,  bellying  outwardly.  The  distension  of 
flask  D  from  this  cause  increased  its  capacity  twenty  per  cent  (20), 
before  its  eighth  trial.  The  metal  dilated, — permanently, — but  did 
not  leak,  at  the  ninth  trial.    It  is  not  resilient.    See  cuts  D  and  L. 

Canteen  P,  is  unpolished.  Flasks  N  and  O  do  not  stand  up  as 
well  as  the  German  made  flasks.  The  fifth  day  of  the  trial  showed  a 
slight  leak  in  each  X  and  O. — although  the  firm  says  in  a  communi- 
cation to  mc :  "We  beg  to  advise  you  that  of  the  various  shapes  of 
aluminum  canteens  that  we  have  made,  there  is  not  a  single  one  that 
we  have  soldered  *  *  *  We  have  devised  ways  jwid  means  of 
making  them  water  tight  without  solder." 

.\t  first,  when  flasks  or  canteens  were  tested  in  the  open  air. 


lIliTOKV    Ui     TIIL;    MiLlTARV    CAMLLN.  83 

when  tlic  icmpcramcni  hccanic  such  thai  they  were  in  (lant;cr  of 
freezing".  1  \vith(h-c\v  ihcm  ;  hiU.  latterly,  1  have  allowccl  them  to 
freeze.  This  was  to  test  them  to  the  limit  of  their  endurance  and 
specially  to  discover,  if  possihie,  whether  any  of  the  so-called  water- 
tight, one-piece,  or  seamless,  llasks  had  been  soldered  in  such  wise 
as  to  show  no  Hues  of  juncture,  etc.,  visible  outwardly.  Also  be- 
cause the  manufacturers  alleged  that  they  were  water-tight.  The 
number  of  people  who  want  to  take  the  United  States  into  partner- 
ship with  them  in  altruistic  ventures  is  very  great.  Manufacturers 
are  willing  to  get  up  so-and-so  man}-  thousand  devices, — provided 
the  United  States  will  give  a  guarantee  in  advance.  One  benefactor 
of  soldiers  writes,  in  substance,  that,  knowing  the  dependence  of  man 
upon  his  canteen  in  an  arid  region,  he  is  ready  to  utilize  envelopes 
of  frozen  liquir  air  for  the  canteen  tlask,  if  the  War  Department 
will  advance  him  the  cost  of  the  plant  involved  and  necessary  for 
the  invention,  which  is  not  patented.  Another  suggests  indurated 
liber  and  wood  pulp  as  the  material  for  flasks.  Another  writes  *T 
could  make  a  canteen  in  two  pieces  that  would  answer  all  require- 
ments. I  have  uo  money  to  burn,  and  so  do  not  propose  to  experi- 
ment on  same.  If  there  was  a  contract  in  prospect. — no  doubt  but 
I  should  struggle  for  the  contract." 

Mr.  Joseph  Koenig.  Manager  of  the  Two  Rivers,  Wis.,  Alum- 
inum Manufacturing  Co..  writes  as  follows:  "We  are  asked  by 
Messrs.  Lanz,  Owen  &  Co.,  Chicago,  Ills.,  to  make  a  canteen  which 
is  to  hold  about  forty-eight  ounces  of  fluid,  and  to  be  of  seamless 
metal. 

"We  certainly  think  that  aluminum  is  the  proper  metal,  as  we  un- 
derstand the  German  army  is  equipped  with  these.  The  same  has 
not  been  manufactured,  so  far,  in  the  United  States;  but  we  could 
do  this  work,  if  there  was  any  possible  chance  of  getting  the  govern- 
ment contract  for  the  same. 

"To  make  one  of  these  canteens  means  to  go  to  an  expense  of 
$500  for  tools  and  experiments,  and  unless  there  is  a  possil)ility  of 
getting  a  contract,  it  would  not  pay  to  undertake  this  expense.  This 
is  probably  the  only  reason  why  no  one  has  manufactured  this  can- 
teen, as  yet,  in  the  C^iited  States. 

"This  canteen,  if  it  be  made  of  one  piece,  could  not  be  round  as 
the  present  canteen  is.  but  would  have  to  be  oblong,  being  higher 
than  wide  at  its  widest  direction  :  dejiressed  on  its  l)ody  side,  roimded 
on  the  other  side. 

We  have  no  doubt  at  all  in  our  mind,  but  that  this  is  the  can  for 
the  purpose,  if  spun  of  pure  aluininmn,  not  of  anv  allov  of  anv  kind. 


fi,^  IIISTOKV    (M-    Till':     MllJIAKV    (  AXTRIilN. 

iiiilis>  tlir  lu'w  iiiaj^iu'^ian  allny  sliouM  \>v  provt'ii  more  suiK'rinr  ihail 
ilic  pure  alnmiiuim. 

Wc  iiiidcrslaiul  llial  llic  ( ifnxTiinieiU  cannot  uinkrlakc  t(j  j^ivc 
a  contract  before  the  article  is  made  and  tested,  but  is  it  not  possible 
that  the  Government  can  advance  a  small  amount,  say  $200,  to  pro- 
duce some  samples  for  a  test? 

W'e  would  then  be  willing?  to  stand  the  rest  of  the  expense,  know- 
ini,'  that  we  would  have  some  prospects  of  obtaining  the  contract. 
We  i\o  not  care  to  spend  time  for  experimental  purposes  and  finally 
onlv  have  competitors  to  meet  on  exceptionally  low  rates,  and  have 
the  same  tendency  to  use  thinner  metal  and  price  cutting  evolved 
that  always  takes  place  on  new  articles.  If  this  is  the  case,  we 
would  not  care  to  give  you  any  figure  on  the  same  and  would  not 
bother  with  them.  If  you  will  advance  money  on  the  experimental 
work,  will  go  ahead  after  the  article  has  developed.  So  far  as  we 
see,  these  canteens  have  not  been  made  in  the  United  States.  If  we 
did  not  know  what  difficulties  were  involved  we  would  not  ask  you 
to  show  us  consideration  if  we  undertake  these  experiments  and 
make  up  tk.e  tools  for  the  article.  We  certainly  can  make  the  can- 
teens; it  is  only  a  matter  of  cost  for  the  tools.  Cast  aluminum  will 
not  stand  the  wear.  It  will  corrode.  The  flasks  will  have  to  be  spun, 
not  of  absolutely  pure  aluminum." 

The  economy  attending  the  u.'^e  of  aluminum  as  a  substitute  for 
tin  in  flasks  of  canteens  intended  for  u?e  in  the  military  service  of  the 
United  States  cannot  be  now  dwelt  upon  for  various  reasons,  one  of 
which  reasons  is  that  no  canteen  flask  made  of  aluminum  or  its 
alloys,  made  in  the  United  States,  has  yet  been  presented  to  me  that 
compared  favorably  with  the  German  made  canteens  loaned  me  for 
trial  by  the  Lanz  Canteen  Co.,  of  Chicago,  111. 

The  aluminum  canteen  flasks  furnished  me  bv  the  firm  last  named 
were  probably  spun  ;  they  were  single  piece  ;  they  did  not  leak  :  the 
Lan/.  Canteen  Co.  did  not  quote  their  cost  or  selling  price. 

.\11  of  the  aluminum  canteens  from  the  New  Jersev  Co..  four  in 
number,  leaked. 

The  same  defect,  viz. :  leakage,  existed  in  the  trials  made  of  the 
alumiinun  canteen  submitted  for  test  by  the  Broadway.  X.  Y.  City, 
firm. 

So  tar  as  my  tests  are  concerned,  no  flask  made  from  more  than 
(me  piece  of  aluminum  or  aluminoid  has  withstood,  without  disjunc- 
tions and  leak-age,  the  variations  of  temperature  ranging  from  minus 
10  •  b.  to  plus  ijs^"  F.  Blueprints  accompanying  this  report  show 
graphically  that  the  flasks  submitted  for  test  bv  the  Jersey  Aluminum 


HISTORY    Oi-    TllL    MIHIAKV    t;A.\TLLN. 


Arixoi*a.  Canieer  cov^mci  irith  aadikra 

airtl  crt  QKXftaV*  canvaa  cot/trii.an>LmttML. 
Caooctty,  gP  ex.    trttyit   3*fx. 


E 


Orelnanc*  'nttttrif,  no  cet/tr  Ca^ctiy^S  OX. 
trtifAt   /Z  OX. 


Mtren  sJitHr)  nftrt  /takeji  i*fan 


<3co/e :     /a 


,S(.  lll^l(»r<^    i»f    nil.   mimiakn    (  an  ri-:i':N. 

(  .'..  also  llic  Kcymoiid  c\:  (ioUlub  canteen,  in  cc^niniun  with  the 
|)nliM(|ne  Stanipinj^  &  Enamel  Co.  canteen,  also  the  tin  llask  U.  S. 
regulation  service  canteen,  all  leaked  where  the  pieces  had  been 
joined.  The  small  Karlsruhe,  Baden,  Germany,  flask,  is  probably 
pure  spun  aluminum  in  one  piece.  Tt  stood  the  test  remarkably  well, 
inirsting  only  after  its  capacity  increased  from  25  to  30  ounces.  In 
Test  Xo.  59 — the  capacity  of  Canteen  L  increased  from  60  to  64 
oimces — it  did  not  burst. 

Jaiiiicx.  Stcinmctc  c'r  Cu..  Mannjacturcrs  of  Aluminum. — Air. 
|t)seph  A.  Janney,  Jr..  and  Joseph  A.  Steinmetz.,  Drexel  Building, 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  were  among  the  earliest  advocates  of  aluminum  as 
a  metal  for  army  canteens.  The  firm,  at  one  time,  had  samples  of  the 
army  canteens  of  France,  Russia,  (jermany,  England,  and  Air. 
Steinmetz  states,  recommended  certain  canteen  improvements  to  cer- 
tain military  authorities.  He  alleges  willingness  to  have  his  foreign 
agents  secure  from  military  depots  abroad,  canteens  more  sanitary 
than  the  present  regulation  flask  canteen,  of  which  Mr.  Steinmetz 
writes  as  follows:  "The  present  U.  S.  Army  tin  canteen,  which  is 
practically  the  same,  with  its  rough  edges  and  abominably  inserted, 
separate,  neck  piece,  which  prevents  the  canteen  ever  being  drained 
or  cleaned,  is,  without  doubt,  a  worse  death-breeder  in  our  army  thar 
all  the  combined  opposing  forces  that  we  have  ever  met  in  battle,  is  a 
matter  of  cheap  economics.  *  *  *  Then,  too.  the  expense  of 
making  up  a  lot  of  samples  which  would  naturally  be  expected  to 
be  donated,  is  not  to  be  considered  from  a  business  point  of  view, 
but  the  matter  of  the  canteen  has  interested  me  very  much  indeed. 
The  canteen  you  have  in  mind  will  certainly  cost  more  than  the  pres- 
ent ////  death-trap.'' 

The  Wagner  Aluminum  Manufacturing  Co..  Sidney.  Ohio,  ad- 
vertises that  its  combined  production  of  hollow-ware  cast  aluminum. 
two  factories,  is  the  largest  in  the  world. 

I  am  in  receipt  of  two  letters  from  this  conijiany  and  extract 
as  follows :  "Wq  should  be  glad  to  experiment  and  see  what  could 
be  <lone  in  the  line  of  aluminum  canteens,  ^^■e  do  all  kinds  of  cast 
aluminum  work  and  believe  it  could  be  made  much  more  durable, 
as  the  metal  can  be  alloyed  to  give  it  strength.  \\'hen  we  wrote  vou 
before,  we  were  under  the  impression  that  it  would  be  possible  to  cast 
them  m  one  jiiece,  Init.  after  studying  the  matter  over,  we  have  come 
to  the  conclusion  that  it  would  l)e  almost  impossible  to  successfullv 
make  them  in  one  piece.  -  -  -  \\\  are  sorry  that  we  cannot  see 
our  way  clear  to  experiment  and  see  what  can  be  done  with  them. 


IIISTUKV    OF    Till;    MILITARY    CAXTI-IKX.  8/ 

We  arc  mailing  you  a  copy  of  our  catalogue  and  think  po5sil)ly 
vou  may  see  something  in  our  hue  of  ahiminum  cooking  utensils 
that  could  be  used  in  the  army,  or  possibly  you  could  suggest  some 
special  patterns  that  could  be  made  for  army  use.  All  of  our  goods 
are  made  of  cast  aluminum  and  give  the  best  of  satisfaction  even 
when  used  very  roughly,  and  are  a  great  deal  more  durable  than  any 
stamped  or  spun  aluminum.  We  believe  if  cast  aluminum  was 
adopted  for  cooking  utensils  in  the  army,  they  would  give  a  great 
deal  better  satisfaction  than  what  is  being  used,  for  they,  no  doubt, 
would  be  much  more  durable  and  lighter  to  carry." 

The  Pittsburg  Reduction  Co..  Pittsburg  and  Xew  -Kcnsingston, 
f\i.,  and  Xiagara  Falls,  X.  )'.,  Mannfacturcrs  of  .lluniinuni. — This 
organization  has  purchased  the  aluminum  plant  of  the  Hill,  Whit- 
ney &  Wood  Co.,  in  Waltham,  Mass.,  and  will  move  it  to  Xew  Ken- 
sington, Westmoreland  Co.,  Pa.,  as  the  nucleus  of  an  aluminum 
finishing  department.  Lieut.  Col.  Henry  II.  Whitney,  Aide-de- 
Camp  to  General  Miles,  and  ]\Iajor  Wm.  C.  Brown,  ist  U.  S. 
Cavalry,  are  acquainted  with  the  Secretary  and  General  Manager — 
Arthur  \'.  Davis.  Reports  regarding  aluminum  articles  for  Army 
equipment  have  been  made  l)y  the  Officers  named. 

The  Company  bought  a  number  of  German  canteens  sometime 
ago,  two  of  which  are  now  in  my  possession.  They  are  made  of  a 
solid  piece  of  aluminum,  by,  I  am  told,  Carl  Berg,  whose  works 
are  at  Eveking,  Westphalia.  Germany.     See  Cut  \'. 


Mr.  .v.  \',  Davis  says,  regarding  single  piece,  spun  aluminum 
flasks : 

"The  process  of  manufacture  is  the  usual  process  of  tirst  spinning 
and  afterwards  pressing  by  means  of  inside  pressure. 

The  latter  corresponds  in  general  to  an  ordinary  stamping 
process  except  that  the  steel  mould  forming  the  shape  is  on  the 
outside  rather  than  on  the  inside.  The  half  formed  utensil  is  put 
into  the  die  and  ])ressure.  usually  1)\-  means  of  water,  is  applied  to 
the  inside  of  the  utensil  until  it  swells  out  and  confirms  to  the  shaped 
outside  and  retaining  mould. 

This  cnnipanv  expects  to  take  u])  the  manufacture  of  single 
piece  canteens,  provided  there  is  a  possil)ility  of  introducing  such  \n\n 
the  Armv.  the  object,  of  course,  being  profit  to  itself  alone. 

In  a  recent  commum'cation  the  General  Manager  also  says:  "In 
rcirard  to  cast  aluminum,  we  think  it  has  both  commercial  and  me-- 


88  IIISIUUV    ol     Tlll^    MILITAKV    CAN'TEEN. 

(luminal  f.lijoctions.  (  ast  aliiniimini,  like  any  ollicr  cast  metal,  is 
more  or  less  porous,  and  we  lake  it  that  ehanccs  of  leaks  in  defect- 
ive ntcnsils  should  be  permitted.  I'urtliermore,  to  make  a  cast 
utensil  requires  at  least  a  thickness  oi  i-iO  inch  and  usually  I 
iiuh.  and  this  runs  the  wei.L^ht  and  consequent  expense  to  a  hi.i,di 
lii^nrc. 

"In  regard  to  the  use  of  tin.  we  take  it  that  the  objections  are 
nut  at  all  mh  the  score  of  corrodibility.  but  on  account  of  the  me- 
chanical cpiality  of  softness.  A  canteen  made  of  sheet-tin  (I  sup- 
pose, of  course,  you  mean  pure  tin  and  not  tin  plate,  the  rustinj.,^ 
ohji'ctions  to  which  are  obvious)  would  be  too  soft  for  practical 
purposes.  It  would  be  nearly  as  soft  as  if  made  of  lead.  Further- 
more the  weig^ht  and  price  of  tin  as  compared  with  aluminum  would 
be  abunt  three  times  as  great." 

\cic  Jersey  Aliiiitnitim  Cumpaiiy. — Mr.  C.  A.  Kryttschnctt. 
Manager  of  the  New  Jersey  Aluminum  Co.,  Newark,  N.  J.,  writes: 
"W'c  take  special  note  of  your  remarks  that  the  German  canteens 
have  surpassed  anything  of  American  manufacture;  allowing  this 
to  be  so,  we  do  not  believe  the  American  could  not  do  equally  as 
well  if  we  were  all  given  another  chance.  We  have  probably  all 
made  the  same  mistake  of  trying  to  produce  something  cheap  in- 
stead of  something  strictly  of  first  class  quality,  and,  speaking  for 
ourselves,  we  did  not  know  to  what  these  canteens  might  be  sub- 
jected, but  we  knew  that  they  would  hold  water;  in  fact,  it  was 
hung  up  here  in  our  establishment  for  six  months  without  any  leak- 
ages ;  but  such  tests  as  you  have  given  them  are  more  severe  than 
anything  we  could  have  thought  of.  This  is  why  we  wrote  vou 
as  we  did  that  your  tests  would  be  valuable  to  the  manufacturers  of 
canteens.  We  should  very  much  like  to  have  another  trial  at  it.  and. 
if  possible,  to  have  you  send  us  one  of  the  German  canteens;  per- 
haps we  might  even  improve  on  the  same.  Furthermore,  we  believe 
it  only  to  be  fair  and  just  to  American  manufacturers  for  Uncle 
Sam  to  patronize  home  industry.  A\'e  feel  confident  that  canteens 
can  W  made  in  this  country  that  will  meet  all  requirements." 

Last.  ts.  Staiiipeil.  .  lliiiniiniiii. — The  Griswold  Manufacturing 
Co..  Erie,  Pa.,  for  the  production  of  the  "Erie  cast  aluminum  ware: 
New  York  warerooms.  294  Pearl  St..  writes  as  follows:  "We  (\o 
not  make  anything  in  the  way  of  an  aluminum  flask.  This  would 
naturally  be  made  of  our  stamped  ware." 

The  firm  claims  as  a  few  poiius  of  merit  of  its  hollow  aluminum 


HISTORY    OF    THE    .MILITARY    CAXTEEX.  8g 

cast  ware  as  tollows:  "I'^acli  piece  is  cast  solid  in  one  piece,  leavini;- 
no  scams  or  points  to  leak.  Being  cast,  it  is  strong  and  stiff  an<l 
cannot  be  annealed  l)y  heat,  while  thin  stamped  aluminum  ware 
warps  and  becomes  soft  after  being  heated.  Aluminum  as  a  metal 
leads  for  cooking  utensils.  The  "Erie"  ware  does  not  tarnish  and 
can  be  kept  bright  b}'  cleaning  same  as  silverware.  It  is  solid, 
without  plating :  no  j^lating  or  enamel  to  wear  off ;  no  poisonous 
metal;  they  are  absolutely  pure  and  will  last  for  ever;  cast  all  in 
one  piece ;  no  seams  or  rivets  to  leak  ;  no  enamel  to  flake  off ;  rivets 
are  cast  on  the  outside  of  the  piece,  leaving  no  marks  inside  ;  light 
and  strong;  either  i)olished  or  salin  finish;  fruit  acids  do  not  affect 
it;  will  not  tarnish;  no  solder  usetl ;  no  rust;  practically  incorro- 
dible; no  cracking  or  shelling  off,  all  of  the  porcelain,  agate  and 
enameled  ware  of  various  kinds  shell  off,  the  cause  being  that  the 
latter  (like  the  Dubuque  Stamping  &  Enamel  Co.  canteen)  are  a 
combination  of  mineral  and  metal,  one  expanding  under  conditions 
which  make  the  other  contract,  and  vice  versa,  resulting  in  a  gen- 
eral disintegration  of  the  whole."" 

The  firm  claims  that  the  superiority  of  the  "Erie"  cast  alum- 
inum ware  over  the  stamped  aluminum  ware  is  manifest  by  the 
following  physical  property  of  the  metal : 

Aluminum  hardens  remarkabl}-  when  it  is  being  worked  by  press- 
ing, forging,  rolling,  stamping,  or  other  similar  treatments.  The 
working  imparts  stiff'ness  or  temper,  same  as  in  high  brass  or  copper. 
A  vessel  made  from  sheet  aluminum,  stift'ened  as  above,  when  it 
is  put  over  the  fire  and  heated  and  then  allowed  to  cool,  is  annealed  ; 
after  heating  a  few  times  it  becomes  soft  like  lead,  whereas  the 
metal  in  the  cast  ware  is  melted  and  chilled  in  the  mould  and  cannot 
be  annealed.  Again,  to  make  a  casting,  it  is  three  or  four  times 
thicker  than  the  stamped,  therefore  it  is  stronger,  holds  and  con- 
ducts the  heat  better  and  is  less  liable  to  burn  or  scorch.  Lastlw 
much  better  shaped  vessels  can  be  made  by  casting  than  1)\-  stamj)- 
ing.  Cast  ware,  though  higher  i)riced  at  first  than  stamped,  is 
cheaper  in  the  end.  An  extraordinary  feature  of  aluminum  is  its 
heat-retaining  or  non-radiating  attributes.  .Mimiinum  discoloration 
can  be  prevented  with  one-half  the  care  bestowed  on  other  metals 
b\-  using  liquid  solerine  lo  clean  with. 

.lluininum  solder  for  Canteens. — A  satisfactory  solder  for  use 
on  any  metal  should  fulfill  the  following  requirements:  i.  It  should 
fuse  readily.  "  2.  It  must  alloy  easily  with  the  metal,  in  common 
l)arlance  it  must  "bite."    3.   It  must  be  tough.     4.   It  must  !iot  disin- 


ifi) 


IIISIOIO     or     Mil.     MII.IIAKN'    CA.NTliliX. 


usa  of  /^cur'ted.  ffi9vctrs  C/.S.A. 

Sca/e:  /^ 


IllSTOUV    Ul"    Tlili    MILITARY    CAM  liliN.  9I 

Icgralc.  5.  ll  nnisl  have  tlic  same  color  as  ihc  nicial,  (>.  It  should 
not  discolor  with  age.  7.  It  should  not  be  loo  expensive.  8.  It 
must  flow  into  a  joint,  (j.  b'vr  joining  aluminum,  it  must  stand 
\ery  near  aluminum  in  the  electro-chemical  series,  particularly  zinc, 
and  carry  its  own  tlu.x. 

Since  aluminum  has  become  a  common  metal,  numerous  invent- 
ors and  metallurgists  have  endeavored  to  produce  a  solder  which 
would  unite  i)ieces  of  the  metal  in  the  same  way  that  brass,  tin,  and 
other  metals  can  be  joined  by  a  tin-lead  solder.  Most  of  the  solders 
produced  have  required  the  use  of  a  blowpipe,  or  special  tools  or 
lluxes,  which  are  not  handy  for  metal  workers.  All  have  disinteg- 
rated after  the  canteen  flask  has  been  filled  for  five  or  six  days 
with  water.  ]\lost  of  the  solders  contain  lead,  tin,  bismuth  or  phos- 
phorous, and  discolor  with  age. 

The  "Aluminum  AV'orld,"  published  at  218  William  St.,  X.  Y., 
is  authority  for  the  statement  that,  although  there  are  a  number  of 
solders  in  the  market,  and  one  new  one  which  promises  good  re- 
sults, no  solder  has  yet  been  produced  that  is  valuable  for  canteen 
purposes,  the  defect  being  that  they  did  not  hold  when  the  joint  got 
wet,  there  being  a  galvanic  action  started  between  the  aluminum 
and  the  solder. 

The  Hill,  Whitney  &  Wood  Co.,  115  Bacon  St.,  Waltham,  Ma;...., 
manufacturing  specialists  in  "Aluminoid,"  also  pure  Aluminum, 
either  cast,  stamped,  or  spun,  write  as  follows:  "We  do  not  know 
of  any  real  practical  solder  or  method  of  soldering  aluminum  can- 
teens. There  are  two  or  three  different  solders,  but  none  of  these 
work  satisfactorily,  or  are  practical  for  work  of  that  kind.  Rich- 
ard's solder,  sold  by  Janney  &  Steinmetz.  Drexel  IJuilding.  Phila- 
delphia, and  Green's  solder,  sold  by  Mdward  X.  Cook,  144  Tine  St., 
Providence,  R.  I.,  are  the  1)est  we  have  used.  A  new  sdder  has 
come  out  recently  called  the  ".Mc.Vdamite  Solder"  (  W.  A.  Mc- 
Adams,  987  Kent  St.,  P>orough  of  lirooklyn.  X.  V. ).  We  have  never 
tried  this,  l)Ut  have  a.^sample  in  our  (  fficc  wliich  wo  will  try  at  the 
first  opportunity. 

"X'^one  of  the  sijlder  we  have  ever  had  will  run  or  flow  into  a 
joint  readily,  and  therefore  it  makes  a  very  difficult  (operation  to 
solder  anything,  and  we  avoid  it  as  nnich  as  possible. 

''We  make  a  flask  in  two  sizes,  half  a  pint  and  pint,  of  one  piece 
of  metal,  which,  of  course,  is  nmch  better  than  could  possibly  be 
made  of  two  ])ieces.  \\'e  have  experimented  a  little  on  the  line  of 
making  a  canteen  fmm  one  piece,  but  have  not  as  yet  comj)leted  oiw 
experiment.     We  feel  (juite  confident  we  can  do  it  all  right,  although 


i)j  IllSlom     or     Mil.     MILITAin'    CANTEEN'. 

\\r  mi;,'lil  It  (Mmpcllo.l  Id  (h.-iiiL^c  iho  s\\;i]>v  a  lilllc  lioni  llic  rcj.;ula 
lioti  sliapr  iMiw  ii.srd  l>\  llir  aiin\.  W'c  sliall  (i.iiiiiiiic  (Hir  ex]H-ri 
iiu'iiliiijL;.  ami,  il'  siK\x's.slul.  will  advise  you  later. 

"Wi-  .shall  iiol  considtT  an  f.xpcrinicnt  with  aiiytliinj^-  liiu  a  scaiii- 
k'ss  canli't,'!!,  as  \vc  do  iioi  think  there  is  any  solder  that  is  reliable 
lor  ahuiiinuni. 

"In  re.i^ard  to  an  aluniinuin  canteen,  we  do  not  feel  cunrident 
that  it  would  he  altogether  satisfactory,  for  the  reason  that  it  dis- 
colors whisky  after  standings:  in  it  for  some  time. 

"There  is.  howe\er,  no  poisonous  or  iniuric)us  substance  in  tlie 
metal,  hiU  possibly  there  would  not  be  so  much  whisky  drank  if  it 
should  be  slii;htly  discolored  from  the  metal.  I  do  uot  know  that  it 
affects  the  taste  in  the  least.  We  have  sold  quite  a  number  of 
flasks,  ami  ha\e  ])eo[)le  report  to  us  that  it  discolored  whisky. 

"It  would  certainly  be  very  much  lighter  than  anything  else 
used  and  would  not  rust  or  corrode  like  tin  or  enameled  ware. 

"We  see  no  reason  why  this  metal  should  net  be  all  right  for 
canteens.  \\'c  know  that  the  German  army  are,  or  have  been,  using 
aluminum  flasks  and  canteens,  but  do  not  know  with  what  suc- 
cess, nor  whether  they  are  made  in  one  piece  or  soldered  together. 
They  can  be  made  in  that  way,  but  it  is  hardly  practical)le." 

Janney  &  Steinmctz,  Drexel  Iluilding,  Thiladelphia,  Pa.,  Alum- 
inum Merchants,  state  that  Dr.  Joseph  Richards,  of  Lehigh  Univer- 
sity. Metallurgical  and  Chemical  Dei)artment.  School  of  Analytical 
Chemistry,  invented  a  solder  recommended  by  Mr.  J.  C.  Ashton, 
<  leneral  Manager  of  the  Illinois  Pure  Aluminum  Co.,  the  largest 
manufacturers  of  aluminum  cooking  utensils  in  the  world.  Fur- 
ther that  the  Richards'  solder  is  pronounced  satisfactorv  bv  the 
Aluminum  Industrie  .Vctien-Cesellschaft.  the  greatest  aluminum 
manufacturing  company  in  the  world.  .\lso  that  the  Pittsburg  Re- 
duction Co.  uses  it.  .\lso  that  Xaval  CV)ntractors  and  Pav  Inspect- 
ors. I  .  .*^.  Xavy.  have  ordered  supplies  of  it  after  careful  and  in- 
telligent experiment. 

"It  is  known,"  .^ay  Janney  ..^v  Sleinmelz,  "that  either  pure  tin  <  r 
pure  zinc  will  join  aluminum,  and  it  is  a  very  common  fault  to  note 
that  the  bulk  of  the  so-calleil  solders  are  composed  chiefly  of  those 
metals,  but  the  use  of  these  worthless  .solders  has  caused  heavv 
losses  to  manufacturers  oi  aluminum  goods." 

The  lack  (^f  an  easy  solder  more  than  anything  else  retards  the 
use  of  aluminum  as  a  material  for  ctintecn  flasks  in  the  United 
.States.  On  the  other  hand,  the  Cerman  Arms  and  Ammunition 
Factories.    Berlin.   Karlsruhe,    write:      "We   will   shortlv   manufac- 


HISTORY    Ol"    nili    MlLITAkV    CAXTliL-X.  93 

liii-c  ail  aluiiiiimni  tla?;k  Xo.  16,  capacity  1.5  liter  (50  oz. ).  with 
rings,  and  aiiuthcr  one  with  loops  (or  cars),  as  samples.  Sec  blue- 
prints "W"  and  ""X,"  herewith.  The  date  (on  specifications)  fur- 
nished h\-  you,  regarding  the  execution  of  the  fiask  will,  as  far  as 
])racticable,  be  taken  into  consideration,  and,  upon  completion  of 
the  samples,  we  will  communicate  to  you  our  experiences  gained 
during  the  manufacture  of  the  same.  Later  on,  we  will  submit  to 
you  counter  propositions.  The  cork  (or  stopper)  can  be  fastened 
to  the  neck  with  a  light  chain." 

The  soldering  of  aluminum  is  not  eas}" ;  cannot  be  done  by  a 
single  modifications  of  old  methods,  such  as  soldering  tinned  iron. 
Aluminum  is  like  copper  and  l)lack  iron,  not  like  tinned  iron,  and 
the  edges  to  be  joined  must  1)C  cleaned  and  hot  and  tinned  (  or  coated) 
;ind  otherwise  prepared  for  .soldering;  no  flux  of  any  description, 
either  on  the  metal  or  on  the  joint,  being  used. 

The  property  of  aluminum  wliich  renders  soldering  so  difficult 
is  ^■erv  probably  its  easy  oxidation.  Although  apparently  resisting 
oxidation  very  strongly,  yet  this  resistance  is  not  a  simple  process. 
When  a  clean  surface  of  aluminum  is  exposed  to  the  atmosphere  it 
is  instantly  covered  with  a  film  of  oxide,  which.  l)eing  continuous 
and  unalterable,  protects  the  metal  beneath  it  from  further  oxidation. 
This  film  or  oxide  acts  eft'ectually  to  prevent  any  other  metal  from 
coming  in  close  enough  contact  with  the  aluminum  beneath  to  alloy 
with  it,  and  thus  soldering  is  prevented.  The  use  of  a  flux  to  dis- 
solve the  oxide  has  been  tried  under  all  conditions,  but  none  known 
lo  the  writer  have  been  found  practicable.  The  Richards'  solder 
was  made  upon  the  conclusion  that  that  solder  should  contain  its 
own  flux,  so  that  the  instant  the  film  of  oxide  was  removed  the 
solder  proper  would  be  simultaneously  present  to  take  hold  of  the 
aluminum  surface  at  the  same  instant  it  was  cleaned  from  oxide.  A 
])ercentage  of  phosphorous  was  added  to  llie  alloy.  Letters  patent 
on  the  use  of  an  oxitlizing  agent,  such  as  jihosphorous  in  solder, 
were  granted  in  July.  1892 — No.  478.23<S. 

The  McAdamitc  Solder  fur  .  Ilhiiiiiiiiiin  cr  ils  .  Uloys. — Mr.  W.  A. 
McAdams,  978  Kent  Ave.,  liorougli  of  llrooklyn,  X.  ^'.,  advertises 
as  follows:  "L'pon  large  articles  it  is  best  to  tin  or  cover  the 
articles  with  the  solder  by  a  ci  pper  soldering  iron.  Then  to  melt 
them  together  by  a  hand  brazing  blow-pipe.  This  consists  of  two 
]iipes,  one  for  gas  and  the  other  for  air,  wliich  combine  into  one 
iiiMutli])iece  for  the  blue  Ibiiiie.  This  to  be  blow  11  by  the  mouth  or 
foot  bellows.     This  hand  brazing  blow-pipe  is  much  used  for  brazing 


,,.  II1MI1K^     "I       Mil.     MII.IIAin'    CAN'IKIC.N. 

l.ii-yi-K>.     'I'liis  M<)\v-])il>c'  lU'cds  to  lie  moved  hy  IkukI  :ilon-  or  al.oul 
tin-  joiiil  or  .s(.;iiii  while  tlic  work  riiiiaiiis  still. 

A  \v\y  iii'al  way  to  do  souk-  kinds  of  work  is  to  lollcjw  liic  iro'i 
in  tlic  act  of  tinnin^^  (to  cover)  with  a  cloth  and  wipe  off  all  the 
solder  from  the  surface  jKjssihle.  When  this  is  done  on  both  the 
surfaces  to  he  joined,  lay  in  a  piece  of  sheet  solder  and  then  melt 
the  parts  together  by  a  miaith  ])low-pipe.  or  other  means  of  heat- 
ing. This  sheet  solder  will  he  sent  at  enough  extra  cost  to  cover 
the  cost  of  rolling. 

"To  solder  a  long  seam  edge  to  edge.  This  is  quite  difificult  to 
do  because  of  the  expansion  and  contraction  of  the  sheet  metal.  First 
clean,  and  then  tin  the  edges  with  the  solder,  lay  the  work,  if  pos- 
sible, upon  asbestos  board,  and  tack  in  places  along  the  seam  by 
soldering  and  then  fill  in  the  spaces  between.    Use  a  soldering  iron." 

"Do  not  use  any  fluxes.  This  solder  contains  its  own  flux.  Let 
it  be  clearly  understood  that  the.«e  solders  do  not  flow  into  a  joint 
or  seam  ;  they  must  be  put  there. 

"All  these  solders  are  wonderfully  strong  and  permanent.  They 
are  warranted  to  last  as  long  as  the  aluminum  itself.  There  is  no 
decay  or  disintegration.  They  do  not  discolor  by  time.  They 
are  almost  the  same  color  as  the  aluminum,  and  take  a  good  eye  to  see 
the  solder  in  a  finished  off  seam.    There  are  no  stains  to  remove. 

"These  solders  contain  net  lead,  tin,  bismuth,  aluminum,  or  phos- 
I)horous. 

"They  will  solder  aluminum  to  aluminum,  or  any^  of  its  alloys  to 
each  other,  or  all  of  them  to  brass  or  zinc,  or  brass  to  brass,  or  zinc 
to  zinc,  or  all  of  them,  whether  they  be  cast  or  wrought,  to  each 
other  indiscriminately,  and  do  all  of  them  strongly,  permanently 
and  well,  provided  that  in  the  case  of  the  aluminum  alloys,  the  alum- 
inum is  the  largest  part  of  the  alloy.  Brass  to  brass  is  more  strongly 
soldereil  than  by  common  tin  and  lead  solder. 

"There  are  three  grades  of  McAdamite  solder: 

"No.  1.  melting  at  430  degrees  F..  for  very  thin  articles. 

"Xo.  2.  melting  at  550  degrees  F..  the  best  of  the  three  for  gen- 
eral use. 

"Xo.  3.  melting  at  610  degrees  F.,  the  strongest  of  them  all. 

"Sent  by  mail  at  25c  per  ounce,  or  $3.00  per  lb.,  upon  receipt  of 
price.  Sent  by  freight  or  express  at  buyer's  expense  in  ten  pound 
lots  at  $2.2^  per  lb.,  or  $22.50.     Xo  samples  sent." 

77/c'  L.  P.  AUpctcr  SoUicr.—L.  F.  Altpeter.  758  So.  Halsted  St., 
Chicago.  Til.,  says  in  the  ".Muminum  \\'orld"'  regarding  his  hard 


iiiSTOKT  (ii-    Tin:   M UNITARY  tAN'n:i:.\'. 


')5 


T/re  Lofrx  Carry  3iyap  /irrJ/aver5C:c\s. 

^yfrr«tt/S  aftotv  n.frere  tht  tvrai /xtrrfs  oftTie/irtstnlpaHern  of  reyu.'atiom. 
Strvtce  ^avtr-sackl  are .   Tht  /^uKCiccn  o/'iic  cam^  sfrav  /j  tc-  slrtrfHtK. 
anet.  iu/jijori  the  Nal/trsacK.) . 


,/,  HISTORY    OF    Till-     Mir.ITARV    CAXTF.EV. 

.Hid  Mift  ;.(»IikTs,  thai  a  soMcTinj;  iron,  l)lc)\v-])i])c,  or  lanij>  llaiiic  can 
\k-  uscil.  Ik'  (.-lainis  a  ])nKess  lo  solder  co])i)er,  hrass  and  other 
int'tals   \(>  alnniiimni. 

(,n\-iu-'s  .iliiiiiiiiitin  ."polder. — Is  advertised  as  l)eing  manufac- 
tured and  coiUrolled  solely  hy  Edward  X.  Cook.  144  Pine  St.,  I'rovi- 
dence,  \\.  1.,  and  is  alle,t,a'd  to  be  reconiniendefj  jjy  the  Piltshuri,'  Pc- 
(Inclion  Conipau}. 

liiii^ciic  M.  Tottcn's  Compound  for  Soldering  Ahiniinum. — A 
new  compound  for  soldering  alumintmi  has  been  patented  by  Eu- 
gene >M.  Totten,  of  Buffalo,  X.  \.  In  the  specifications  of  Letters 
Patent,  Xo.  667,999,  the  inventor  claims  that  he  has  produced  a 
soUler  capable  of  ready  and  immediate  use  without  the  necessity  of 
filing  or  scraping  the  parts  and  without  the  emploAment  of  a  separ- 
ate flux.  The  compound  is  composed  of  the  following  ingredients 
in  the  proportion  specified  :  Aluminum,  20  per  cent ;  tin,  3(S  per  cent ; 
zinc,  40  per  cent,  and  a  hydrocarbon,  2  per  cent. 

"In  the  manufacture  of  the  solder,  aluminum  and  tin  are  first 
melted,  then  the  zinc  is  added,  and  after  the  reduction  of  the  metals 
while  still  in  a  molten  state,  and  without  additional  heating,  there 
is  added  2  per  cent  of  the  hydrocarbon,  wdiich  is  mixed  with  the 
other  ingredients  into  a  homogeneous  mass.  This  latter  ingredient 
may  be  fat,  wa.x,  parafine,  or  any  other  species  of  hydrocarbon,  li 
has  been  demonstrated  that  the  addition  of  a  hydrocarbon  to  the 
alloy,  by  increasing  the  amount  of  carbon  reduces  and  removes  the 
oxides,  which  would  otherwise  form  on  the  melted  metal,  and  in  con- 
sequence the  compound,  when  cool,  is  white  and  free  from  oxides 
when  solid.  It  is  the  carbon  alone  which  effects  the  reduction  of 
the  metallic  oxides  formed  on  the  surface  of  the  aluminum  parts  to 
be  soldered,  and  the  scraping  of  such  parts  is  rendered  unneces- 
sary, because  of  the  non-presence  of  oxides  in  the  soldering  com- 
pound made." 

The  James  Gibson  Slater  Aluminum  Solder. — Mr.  James  Gibson 
.Slater,  whose  residence  is  793  Manning  Ave.,  Toronto,  Canada, 
showed  some  samples  of  soldered  aluminum.  Mr.  Slater  had  joined 
with  a  one-inch  lap,  sheet  metal,  sixteen  inches  in  length.  The 
pieces  were  soldered  with  a  copper  soldering  iron.  From  the  appear- 
ance of  the  articles  the  solder  seems  to  flow  into  the  joint,  and  it  is 
nearly  of  the  same  color  as  aluminum.  :\Ir.  Slater  guarantees  that 
it    will    hold    under   varying  conditions.      He   can    solder   different 


HISTORY    Ol'     llli:    MH.ITAKN'    CASTEES.  97 

mclals  ti>  aluniinuni.  aixl  showed  an  aluniimiiii  faucet  soklercd  to  a 
lead  ])ip!^'-  1  Tc  makes  an  all')}'  f)f  ahiminnni,  wliicli  lie  calls  "Limii- 
iioid."' 

The  JiiHcn  Novel  Alumiiiuiii  Solder. — Julien  Xovel,  of  15  Rue 
des  Grottes,  Geneva,  Switzerland,  has  invented  a  flux  for  soldering 
aluminum  to  aluminum,  or  to  other  metals,  after  the  metals  have 
been  tinned.  The  tinning  and  soldering  fluxes  are  composed  of 
stearic  acid  five  parts,  resin  two  parts,  and  oleic  acid  one  part.  The 
usual  soldering  metals  are  em])liiyed,  such  as  silver  solder,  copper 
or  hard  solder,  and  tin  solder. 

SOLDERIX( ;  ALUMINUM. 

Prominent  among  the  peculiar  characteristics  of  aluminum,  as 
compared  with  other  common  metals,  is  its  physical  reluctance  to 
the  acceptance  of  a  fusible  alloy  that  will  satisfactorily  unite  its 
surface  or  margins.  Indeed,  the  lack  of  a  perfect  solder  has  seriously 
retarded  the  development  and  manufacture  of  articles  made  from 
sheet  aluminum  when  their  shajjc  or  contour  is  to  be  accomplished  by 
the  uniting  of  separate  jiieces  in  the  evolution  of  the  finished  product. 

.'\himinum  is  unique  among  the  sheet  metals  of  commerce  in  this 
respect,  and  a  casual  consideration  of  its  physical  ])roperties  will  be 
necessary  for  an  understanding  of  this  difiiculty.  The  reasons  that 
aluminum  is  a  refractory  melal  to  solder  are  entirely  physical.  It 
is  extremely  difficult  to  expose  a  bare  surface  of  aluminum  to  the 
action  of  a  solder,  although  the  mechanical  difliculties  of  grease  and 
dirt  are  quickly  and  easily  removed,  and  need  not  appear  as  features 
in  the  problem. 

Upon  attempting,  with  any  (  rdinary  solder,  to  join  sheets  of  the 
metal,  it  is  noticeable  that  the  mixture  does  not  take  hold,  but  tends 
rather  to  run  off,  or  perhaps  it  will  chill,  lUterly  refusing  to  tin  the 
sheets,  and  rarely  adhering  to  the  aluminum.  The  reason  of  this 
behaxior  is  that  there  is  always  present  a  thin  continuous  coatmg 
of  f)xide,  which  effectually  prevents  the  solder  from  getting  to  the 
true  metal  beneath.  This  thin,  almost  invisible  skin  of  alumina,  or 
oxide  of  the  metal,  is  of  instantaneous  formation,  and  the  surface 
of  the  metal  may  be  scraped  or  filed  without  even  temporary  r"lief 
because  of  the  immediate  renewal  of  the  coatinsr. 

The  use  of  fluxes  and  acids  to  overcome  this  difficulty  have  been 
repeatedly  suggested  without  securing  satisfactory  results,  and  a  new 
theory  tending  toward  the  solution  of  the  problem  must  needs  be 


,,S  IIISIOKV    ()|-     MM.    MliriAKN     CANTEEN'. 

jippn.vi'd.  Dr.  j'is(|>li  W  .  Kirliard^,  of  lA'lii.i;li  I  uiviTsit  \ .  r.cili- 
U'lii'iii,  I'a.,  ci>iHTivr<l  llic  Mucc'ssl'nl  practice  oi  ovcrcomin.^  tln' 
(liriiciilly  by  iiicorpdraliii.L;  inl"  the  Cdiiiposilion  of  the  solder  iui 
inj^'redieiit  that  would  retnove  the  oxide  iihii  (hirin.Lj  the  j^rocess  of 
sol(leri^^^  tlierehy  pre.seivin.i;-  the  surfaces  clean  until  the  union  of 
the  i)arts  had  heen  accomplished.  The  solder  devised  and  patented 
h\  Dr.  Richards  carries  in  its  niake-u])  an  alloyed  llux  ')f  phosphorous 
in  tin,  the  theoretical  necessity  of  the  simultaneous  action  of  the 
llux  and  the  takin.ii:  hold  by  the  solder  l)einj^  confirmed  during  many 
years  hv  the  satisfactory  results  obtained  in  actual  commercial 
practice. 

The  hii^h  heat  conductivity  of  aluminum  is  another  characteris- 
tic of  this  strani,^'  metal,  and  the  refusal  of  many  solders  to  per- 
form their  expected  duty  is  traceable  to  it.  The  aluminum  quickly 
and  readily  absorbs  the  heat  from  the  soldering  iron,  and  the  tem- 
perature of  the  tool  is  thus  so  far  reduced  that  the  solder  "freezes" 
at  the  joint  and  failure  ensues.  To  overcome  this  difficulty,  which 
arises  in  large  work  particularly,  it  is  necessary  to  keep  the  solder- 
ing iron  vcrv  hot,  and  oftentimes  it  tends  to  the  betterment  of  the 
result  to  apply  heat  likewise  to  the  parts  to  be  joined. 

Aluminum  is  a  highly  electro-negative  metal,  and  it  is  this 
propert}'  that,  in  addition  to  causing  the  instantaneous  formation 
(^f  the  thin  skin  of  oxide  already  mentioned,  tends  to  operate  in 
another  way,  quite  as  disastrously,  by  setting  up  a  galvanic  action  at 
the  joint,  between  the  solder  and  the  aluminum,  inducing  failure 
through  rapid  disintegration.  Therefore,  in  devising  a  solder,  it  is 
plain  that  it  should  be  composed  of  those  metals  nearest  to  alum- 
inum in  the  gahanic  series  in  order  to  reduce  this  disintegrating 
action  to  a  miniminn.  .\ccordingly  zinc  suggests  itself  as  an  excel- 
lent base. 

Almost  any  one  can  solder  aluminum  by  such  simple  means  as 
using  pure  zinc  or  pure  tin.  or  both  in  combination,  and  joints  of 
accuracy  and  strength  have  been  thus  obtained.  Upon  these  results, 
which  are  at  best  but  temporary,  yielding  soon  to  the  disintegrating 
intluences  above  noted,  have  rested  the  reputations  of  manv  of  the 
so-called  aluminum  solders  of  commerce. 

it  is  n(.t  the  purpose  of  these  remarks  to  schedule  the  propor- 
tions of  the  various  metals  in  the  many  alloys  oiYered  on  the  market 
umler  the  name  of  solders,  but  rather  to  show,  in  a  general  wav, 
the  reasons  of  their  repeated  failures,  and  to  suggest  lines  of  thotight 
and  exixTimental  work  most  likely  to  be  productive  of  sensible  re- 
sults.   To  be  a  commercial  success,  anv  solder  must  conform  to  the 


IirSTORV    OF    TIIF.    >rtr.ITARV    CAXTF-EN-.  99 

following;-  KquirriiKiils  :  ll  iiuisi  v.ikv  Imlil  easily  upon  tli<.-  aluiii- 
imim  ;  it  nnist  he  ooiivrniciul}-  lianilU'<l  witlioiit  coniplicatiiii;-  UjoIs 
I  1-  sun(lr\"  lliixes;  it  shmild  imlt  rcadilx  :  it  must  l)c  strong,  niallcal)lc 
and  tiniL^'h;  it  must  ii'it  cnmliine  t-knu-nls  inviting  disintegration; 
it  should  he  of  tlie  same  color  as  ahnninuni  and  it  should  not  tarnish 
with  age.  To  all  of  those  conditions.  Joseph  Allison  Steinmetz 
savs.  I^r.  Joseph   Richarcis"  s-lder  C(;nforms. 

//'.  C.  Hcracus'  j'roccss  fcr  U'cldiiii^  .  UHiiiiiiinii. — Mr.  Meraeus 
has  platinum  works  at  Hanau,  ( lermany.  Agent  in  U.  S.,  Mr. 
Charles  Knglehard,  41  Courtlandt  St..  Xew  York  City.  It  is  claimed 
for  the  Heraeus  process  of  welding  aluminuiu,  th.at  the  scams  are 
united  so  intimately  that  they  disappear  and  can  he  further  shaped 
hv  hammering.  Soldering  aluminum,  apart  from  all  other  diffi- 
culties, has  the  disadvantage  th.at  its  powers  of  resistance  at  the 
soldered  places  is  weakened  against  the  influences  of  the  atmosphere 
and  thcisc  of  a  chemical  nature.  This  disadvantage  is  ohviatcd  wdien 
the  metal  is  welded.  The  process  is  applicahle  to  sheet,  \vire,  thick 
])lates  and  heavy  l.ars.  Aluminum  cannot  he  used  where  it  would 
come  in  contact  with  alkaline  suhstances  that  attack  it.  In  the  re- 
sistance it  offers  to  acids  it  resemhles  copper.  Sulphuric  acid  has 
hut  little  effect  <  n  aluminum.  \\'hen  copper  is  exposed  to  air  and 
moisture,  poisonous  vcrdigis  will  form,  which  is  not  the  case  with 
aluminum.  Repairs  hy  the  Heraeus  welding  process  can  be  easily 
done.  Certain  waters  and  acids  corrode  aluminuiu,  hut  the  luetal  dis- 
])laces  copper  when  it  comes  in  contact  with  neutral  substances,  as 
spirits,  sugar  solutions,  ether,  glycerine,  stearine,  wax,  beer,  etc. 

Richards'  Hardened  Alnininum. — The  Delaw^are  Metal  Refinery 
of  Philadelphia  (  i8th  St.  and  Washington  Ave.)  arc  selling  con- 
siderable (|uantitics  of  hardened  aluminum  alloys,  made  after  the 
fornuilas  and  under  the  direction  of  the  stiperinteiuk'nt.  Mr.  Joseph 
Richards. 

The  ])rincipal  constituents  of  these  alloys  are  aluminum  and  zinc, 
in  varying  proportions,  made  from  the  purest  metals,  very  thoroughly 
alloyed  and  carefully  cast.  The  idea  which  Mr.  Richards  had  in  view 
in  prodticing  them,  is  to  provide  a  series  of  perfectly  reliable  and  uiu'- 
form  allovs.  from  a  ^■erv  hard  ratlur  brittle  alloy,  ti>  a  strong,  lough 
softer  allow  thus  fornu'ng  a  complete-  series  adaptable  for  tlie  nio<t 
\.'U'ie(I  a])plications.  These  alloys  all  ajiproximate  t(~>waril  .iluniimiui 
itself  in  weight,  and  (hiplicate  the  ;dlo\s  from  ^oft  brass  to  the  hard- 
est of  the  reijular  l)ronzes  in  strength  and  toughness. 


lOO 


iii.T,  iin    (II     I  i;i     MiMT  \i;v  (■  \\Ti:i-.x. 


Af€ta^/ic  F'/aak   tvtih  te/csco/tic  cu/t  and  io/3  co/niineeL, 
^uimiUii  hy  tht  leir>A  CorttenCQ.,   CJTicafo,IU.,  Capacity  /o  Of,, 


illSTOKV    Ul"    THL:    MILITARV    CANTLliX  101 

Nine  grades  of  alloys  are  made,  numbered  respectively  i.  2.  3, 
4,  5.  6.  7.  8  and  9. 

Xo.  I  is  the  hardest.  It  looks  like  polished  steel,  takes  a  l)rillianl 
polish  and  has  a  hard  surface.  It  can  scarcely  be  cut  by  a  knife. 
It  is  almost  as  rigid  as  steel,  and  machines  like  a  fine  quality  me- 
dium hard  steel.  Its  specific  gravity  is  4,  or  just  half  that  of  brass 
or  bronze.  It  is  the  cheapest  of  the  alloys,  costing  less  than  pure 
aluminum,  and  ol)jects  made  of  it  cost  considerably  less  than  if  made 
of  brass  or  bronze. 

Xo.  4  is  a  milder  alloy  and  probably  the  one  of  the  series  having 
the  maximum  of  working  strength. 

AI.UMlXr.M    TTEXSILS. 

Aluminum  utensils  are  claimed  by  manufacturers  Id  be  the  only 
ware  t'.iat  is  unobjectionable  in  ci'cry  respect. 

.Irsenic  and  Lead  in  linanielcd  Ware. — Joseph  Stanton  has  ex- 
amined in  the  laboratory  of  the  Massachusetts  College  of  Pharmacy, 
the  irrju  enamel  covered  utensils  so  much  used  in  the  kitchen.  On 
the  l)OSton  market  were  found  thirteen  distinct  brands  of  this  ware. 
These,  when  tested,  gave  the  following  results  :  Eleven  contained 
arsenic,  two  contained  lead,  and  two  were  free  from  both  arsenic 
and  lead.  The  two  that  contained  lead  also  contained  arsenic.  The 
:'.p])ro.\imate  amounts  of  arsenic,  as  indicated  by  comparison  of  the 
mirrors,  obtained  with  mirrors  made  from  known  quantities  of 
metallic  arsenic,  varied  from  1.3200  to  1.500  of  a  grain  in  each  two 
grams  of  enamel.  Professor  P>aird  in  making  this  report  (at  the 
last  meeting  of  tile  Massachusetts  Pluirmaceiuical  .Vssociationj  said: 
"hi  this  connection  it  woidd  !)•.■  iiilercsting  t"  know  whetluT  the 
arsenic  and  lead  are  in  such  combinati(;ns  as  to  allow  their  solubility 
in  the  lluids  which  come  in  contact  with  them  in  ordinary  cooking.  .\s 
the  enamels  seemed  to  be  (juite  easily  disintegrated  by  the  mineral 
acids,  it  is  quite  probable  that  from  them  these  ])oisonous  metals  would 
be  foinid  to  dissolve  in  dilute  fruit  acids  and  dilute  alkaline  solutions, 
and  that  in  this  manner  they  may  become  a  source  of  arsenic  a:'d 
lead  eontamination."  It  was  also  said  in  this  report:  "In  former 
years  arsenic  and  lead  were  both  very  conunon  ingredients  of 
tuanieled  wares,  especiall}'  the  latter  metal.  In  fact,  compounds  of 
lead  were  used  to  such  an  extent  that  the  lead  could  be  extracted 
by  Ijoiling  with  dilute  fruit  acids,  and  lead  poisoning  from  this 
source  became  so  frcfiueni  that  nrtain  cmintrie'^  maiU'  ^-.vy^  restrict- 


!,)_>  Ill.-^|(»l<\     (»!■     Mil,    .MII.riAKV    LA.NIKEN. 

iiij^  the  sale  of  ciiaiiK'k'd  wares  containing  lead  in  soluI)lc  form." — 
"Druggists  Circular  and  Clicniical  Gazette." 

The  "Review  of  Reviews"  says:  "Probably  the  most  important 
use  to  which  ahiniinuni  will  be  put.  at  least  in  the  immediate  future, 
will  be  \nv  culinary  and  household  utensils.  Besides  being  very 
light,  and  hence  far  less  cumbersome  than  any  other  metal  of  ecpial 
strength  and  durability  used  in  cooking,  aliiiiiiiiiiiii  is  practically 
iiicorrodihli'.  I'rofessor  Jamieson  asserts  that,  no  food  now  knozcn 
lo  man  can  effect  this  metal  in  the  slightest  degree.  It  is  zcholly 
free  from  ei'cry  form  of  poison  and  zeill  not  taint  food.  These 
are  (jualities  that  are  possessed  by  neither  iron,  copper,  tin,  nor  lead, 
h'urthermore,  it  is  a  better  conductor  of  heat  than  either  of  the  other 
nietals." 

"The  jioisonous  substances  in  the  enamels  are  said  to  be  arsenic, 
antimony,  and  lead.  Neither  of  these  is  nutritious,  and  food  is 
better  without  them.  It  may  be  that  some  of  the  slight  and  unac- 
countable illnesses  that  have  come  to  people  especially  after  eating 
sour  fruits  and  vegetables  boiled  or  stewed  in  these  dishes — toma- 
toes, rhubarb,  strawlK'rries,  compounds  flavored  whh  lemon — have 
their  origin  in  disintegration  cf  this  enamel  and  in  tlie  absorption 
by  the  food  of  the  arsenic  or  whatsoever  else  is  employed  in  it. 
Ivv'en  where  the  enamel  is  commonly  applied  witb  skill  and  under- 
standing it  may  happen  that  a  workman  may  spill  an  undue  quaniit}- 
of  poison  into  the  mixture,  or  that  the  fusing  may  b:  imperfect; 
and  it  does  not  take  mucb  arsenic  or  lead  to  cause  illness,  while 
a  succession  of  poisonings  may  result  in  lifelong  stomacb  trouble."- — 
"Brooklyn  Eagle"  Editorial. 

Enameled  canteens  were  purciiased  by  the  United  Slates  from 
the  Dubuque  Enameling  Co.,  in  December.  1898.  also  in  October, 
1898.  likewise  in  January.  1900.  (For  description  of  the  Dubuque 
Enameling  Co.  canteen  see  page  9  of  this  monograph).  They  were 
issued  for  trial.  Xo  reports  of  results  of  trial,  if  made,  have  since 
reached  the  Rock  Island  Arsenal.  The  canteens  made  in  October. 
1898.  at  the  Rock  Island  Arsenal  had  a  special  wide  mouth  t) 
admit  certain  tillers  purchased  from  Mrs.  Caroline  Parker.  (See 
I^nge  8,  this  report,  under  subhead  "The  Parker  Canteen.")  In 
-August.  1900,  some  more  filters  were  purchased  from  Mrs.  Parker 
and  from  the  Dubuque  Enameling  Co.  a  special  canteen  for  them. 
These,  too.   were   issued   for  trial. 

The  Dul)Uf|ue  Enameled  Canteen  Co.  is  profiting  bv  the  facts 
advanced  by  the  parties  who  recommend  the  Lanz  method  in  this 
notable  respect,   viz:     They  put   Petersham    felt  on   what   was.   at 


lliSTUKV    OJ-    THE    MlLlTAkV    CANTEEN.  IO3 

first,  a  naked  tlask.  and  they  not  only  place  two  pieces  next  the 
tlask,  but  they  have  added  an  extra  piece  of  felt,  forty-two  inches 
long  by  one  inch  wide,  as  an  inner  band,  thus  increasing  the  ab- 
sorptive powers  over  those  possessed  by  the  regulation  canteen. 

This  adoption  of  the  method  and  system  wdiereof  Mr.  Lanz 
is  the  originator,  exponent,  advocate,  and  patentee,  is  an  admission 
of  much  significance  and  highly  complimentary  tc  Air.  Lanz.  That 
the  Ordnance  Department  and  Board  of  Fortification  and  Equip- 
ment concur  is  evinced  by  the  fact  that  so  many  of  the  enameled 
canteens  have  been  purchased  by  the  United  States. 

As  the  enamel  canteen  with  regulation  cover  is  heavier  than  the 
regulation  canteen ;  further,  as  any  enameled  w-are  having  arsenic, 
lead,  or  antimony  in  its  composition  is  dangerous  to  health ;  still 
further,  as  the  enamel  will  chip  off  and  the  iron  part  rust;  there 
do  not  appear  to  be  any  points  of  advantage  favoring  the  further 
trial  of  the  Dubuque,  Iowa,  Stampfng  &  Enamel  Co.  Canteen,  watli 
a  view  to  its  adoption  for  use  in  the  military  service  of  the  United 
States. 


Aliiminain  Coated  Sheet  Steel. — The  Aluminum  Coated  Sheet 
Steel  Company,  Connellsville,  I-'ayette  Co.,  Pa.,  claims  that  "this 
product  is  superior  in  all  respects  to  galvanized.  That  it  contains 
all  of  its  merits  with  none  of  its  defects.  That  it  can  be  heated  to 
a  red  heat  without  destroying  its  coating.  That  sulphurous  gases, 
brine,  salt,  and  acids  do  not  affect  it  as  readily  as  they  do  galvanized. 
That  it  can  be  soldered  with  common  solder.  That  it  will  stand 
even  severer  tests  than  any  coated  metal.  That  no  coated  metal 
can  be  seamed  or  hammered  down  flat  and  then  bent  back  straight 
without  flaking.     Xone  but  solid  metal  will  do  this. 

That,  Aluniiiiuiii  Coated  Steel  Sheets  ean  be  bent  or  seamed 
in  any  way  re(|uircd  in  actual  work  and  the  coating  will  remain 
intact  on  both  sides.  But  no  coated  metal  can  be  bent  flat  on  itself 
and  return  to  its  original  shajie  withoiU  showing  fracture  in 
coating.  This  is  not  necessar}-  and  if  Aluminum  Coated  Sheets  are 
given  the  same  work  as  galvanized  they  will  prove  in  every  way 
superior  and  all  we  claim  for  them. 

That  any  intelligent  metal  worker  will  recognize  these  facts 
and  will  not  expect  impossibilities." 

This  firm  gives  the  following  directions  for  flux  to  solder  this 
metal :  "Dissolve  as  much  s])elter  as  your  nuiriatic  acid  will  take 
ii|).      Use  the  same   williout   diluting   willi   water,      \e\er  add   fresh 


1,,^  UISTOKV    OK    Tin;    MIMTAUV    CANTEliN. 

;n-i(l  lu  blacken  your  uK'tal.     '  )tli.r  llu.xc^,  Mich  as  n.^iii.  aiul  ijalni 
nil.  niav  Ik-  used  with  success. '" 


The  I'ollowini;  is  a  ccjj))'  of  a  cMniinuuication  a<l(lrcssc(l  U)  ihe 
ralttm   J'aiut  Company.   Milwaukee.   Wis.: 

It  may  he  an  advance  backward  to  construct  a  soMier's  canteen 
(pf  wood. 

I  enclose  cut  of  a  canteen  carried  hy  the  L'.  S.  .Vrmy  during"  the 
period  of  our  second  war  with  En.i,dan(l,  1812.  hy  reference  to  which 
you  will  see  that  it  was  then  composed  of  many  pieces,  like  a  barrel, 
tub.  firkin,  fig  drum.  etc. 

tould  vou  not  get  one  constructed  of  suitable  wood  or  indurated 
fiber  or  wood  i)uli),  turned  in  one  piece,  jiainted  by  your  ])rocess 
inside  and  out  f 

'["lie  normal  u.se  (jf  the  canteen  is  to  carry  water,  cofifee  and 
lea.  Ciovermnent  does  not  contemplate  furnishing  the  soldier  with 
a  water  bottle,  the  lining  of  wdiich  should  be  capable  of  resisting  tlie 
nctit)n  of  wdiisky  or  other  alcoliolic  Huid. 

.\  wooden  water  bottle  was  carried  for  years  in  the  English 
.\rmy,  the  exterior  of  which  was  painted  blue ;  but  before  I  should 
feel  justified  in  recommending  a  return  to  a  canteen  made  of  wood 
instead  of  sheet  tin,  I  would  have  to  be  satisfied  that  one  con- 
structed of  this  material  would  meet  the  requirements  of  dura- 
bility, etc. 

i  would  be  glad  to  have  you  institute  a  series  of  experiments 
whereof  you  write,  looking  tow-ard  covering  both  the  inside  and  the 
outside  of  the  flask  in  such  a  way  that  it  would  resist  the  action  of 
everything  including  distinctly  acid  fluids. 

Whatever  canteen  is  adopted  for  the  use  of  our  soldiers  will 
have  to  be  provided  with  a  non-conducting  cover. 

To  the  above  the  Company  replies  as  follows : 

'"We  thank  you  for  the  bluej)rint  received  with  your  letter,  and 
hope  soon  to  begin  our  experiments  as  to  covering  inside  and  out- 
side in  such  a  way  that  the  covering  will  be  impervious  to  the 
action  of  everything  except  fluids  which  are  distinctlv  acid  or 
alkaline. 

"It  is  easy  enough  to  begin  a  series  of  ex])eriments.  but  it  takes 
a  king  time  to  complete  them.  We  would  not  be  satisfied  to  report 
on  anything  in  the  way  of  a  test  of  permanency  under  six  months  or 
a  year  of  constant  use  for  the  purpose  required,  as  we  carrv  on  our 
txperimcnts. 

"We  will  let  you  know  from  time  to  time  how  we  are  progressing 


iriSTORV    OF    TllK    MIIJT\K^     CA.NTlili.V. 


105 


V — 

5iftf/e  /oiece  A/umirrum  Carrtcerr  ^etfrran  Army  TF^fuMitoif /ootttrtt  /899 
Mtfufyctured,  hv  Carl  Sery  £reitff.tfeaipf^iva..  Oermany  Cct-eivd  tviiii 
yrayisi  belted,  chth ,  stnyie  tUrckrress  •  furrttshed,  tvith  bbck  /eai/rfr /ae/>i 
ami  strap     Cn/jacify ,  JtS  f/ufd  OX  ,  rrer'yii    p  >m  <rx. 


lOT)  IIISroKV    ()|-    Till.    Mll.riAKV    CAXTKKX. 

olid  will  hope  to  l»f  ill  a  position  to  make  a  (kfmilc  statement  as  to 
what  we  can  do  within  luihaps  ri-ht  nnjnths  Iruin  t!iis  time.'" 


UiSihlrnntai^iS  of  .  Uiiinliiiini  as  a  Material  {or  Canteen  flasks,  from 
a  Meehanical  Point  of  Vieie. 

After  a  nietalinri,n'st  has  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  inventor  a 
nieial  lij^hter  than  tin  a.s  a  material  lor  a  canteen  tiask,  the  artisan 
enconnter.s  a  nurhanical  difficulty,  to  wit:  In  attaching  ears,  or  side 
ini'ces,  to  the  tlask. 

'There  nui.st  he  something  connected  eitlier  with  the  tlask,  or  its 
cover,  to  fasten  the  canteen  strap  or  sling  to — unless  the  latter  goes 
riinnd  the  canteen  as  in  the  1864  period  of  the  U.  S.  A. 

There  are  two  natural  ways  of  slinging  a  canteen  ;  one  way  is 
from  the  shoulder,  the  other  way  is  from  the  belt. 

In  either  case,  the  strap  must  have  a  method  of  attachment,  as 
hy  a  hook  or  snap,  with  the  canteen  flask  or  with  some  portion  of 
the  canteen  cover ;  otherwise  the  strap  must  encircle  the  canteen. 

This  altacliment  necessitates  locps,  rings  or  triangles,  eyes,  open- 
ings, etc.,  on  the  canteen  cover,  or  ears,  metallic  side-bar  attach- 
ments, or  other  fastening  device,  directly  connected  with  the  canteen 
flask;  hence  attached  to  the  latter  b-y  solder  cr  rivet. 

A  disadvantage  of  aluminum  as  the  material  for  a  canteen  flask 
is  that  with  the  present  limited  knowledge  of  this  metal,  it  cannot 
be  so  soldered  to  itself  as  to  resist  water  action.  Galvanic  action 
occurs  l)etween  aluminum  and  any  known  solder  when  wet  ivv  a 
considerable  period.     Disintegration  follows. 

This  should  i)revent  the  adoption  by  any  army  of  an  aluminum 
canteen  flask  any  of  the  parts  of  which  are  joined  by  soldering. 

As  solder  fails  to  assure  a  permanent  union  of  aluminum  to 
aluminum,  rivets  are  resorted  to  in  order  to  fasten  the  side-ears,  or 
oiher  metallic  contrivance,  to  the  aluminum  flask.  This  is  practical, 
but  not  believed  to  be  enduring.  Leakage  follows.  A  method  of 
vliably  fastening  ears  t'l  an  aluminum  flask  is  unknown  to  me. 

Tin  as  a  material  for  a  canteen  flask  does  not  present  any  of 
these  disadvantacres. 


Reason  Jl'liy  Old  Pattern  Canteens  Hare  Been  Retained  in 
I '.  S.  Army  Sinee  iS/4  or  iS/S. — Past  attempts  to  improve,  change 
or  retire  the  army  canteen  have  been  blocked  by  two  things,  viz.: 
rile  representation  by  a  iXpanmeut  bead  that  there  were  already 
'  n  band  ;i  large  stock  of  old  canteens:  hence  these  unissued  relics 


iHriTOKV  oi"  Tin:  .MiLiTAin'  (A .\Ti:i:x.  107 

(ti  a  past  ])eri(j(l  (juglil,  in  economic  interests,  to  be  disposed  ol 
first. 

Second  :  The  recommendation  of  the  Commanding  General  that 
tlie  old  stock  be  disposed  of  before  incurring  the  expense  of  a  new,  or 
later,  pattern. 

Finally:  Tlie  orders  tit  the  Secretary  of  War  directing  that 
future  issues  of  canteens  be  confined  to  existing  patterns  in  stock, 
and  prohibiting  any  expenditures  for  new  patterns.  This  injiuiction 
applying  also  to  other  Infantry  and  Cavalry  e(|uipments. 

Efforts  Made  in  i8/8-p  to  Change  the  i'.  S.  Service  Canteen. — 
In  General  Orders  No.  76.  Headquarters  of  the  Army,  A.  G.  O., 
July  23,  1879,  there  were  published  extracts  from  the  proceedings, 
eml)ndying  the  conclusions,  of  the  Board  of  Officers  convened  in 
Washington,  D.  C,  by  Special  Orders  on  Nov.  11,  1878,  "for  the 
purpose  of  considering  the  whole  subject  of  '''  '■'  *  the  equip- 
ment of  troops  generrdly";  togetluT  \\\\\\  the  CMmments  of  tlie 
Chief  of  (Jrdnance,  the  General  of  the  Army,  William  T.  Sherman, 
and  the  indorsement  of  the  Secretary  thereon. 

The  Board  found  the  weight  of  the  canteen,  half-filled,  t(j  be 
two   (2)   pounds  eight   (8)   ounces. 

The  recommendations  of  the  Board  were  disapproved  b\-  the 
Chief  of  Ordnance,  there  being  then  on  hand,  left  from  the  Civil 
War,  267,000  canteens  which,  in  the  opinion  of  General  llcnet, 
ought  to  be  used  up  before  others  were  provided. 

The  recommendation  of  the  General  of  the  Army  was  :  28  "That 
no  other  change  be  made  in  the  present  infantry  equipment,  though 
a  lighter  canteen  would  be  desirable."  General  Sherman  commented 
(see  page  40,  Ci.  O.  76,  A.  G.  O.,  series  1879)  :  "The  old  pattern 
articles,  that  is  canteens  and  such,  can  be  issued  till  exhausted,  and 
tlie  new  ones  will  then  follow  naturally  and  without  sacrifice  on 
the  part  of  the  Cnited  States,  or  of  the  officers  and  men  who  com- 
pose the  army." 

Tlu'  views  and  recommendations  of  the  (jencral  of  the  Army  weri- 
approved  July  19.  1879,  by  the  Hon.  (i.  W.  IVIcCrary,  Secretary  of 
War.  who  indorsed  the  recommendations  made  l)y  the  Board,  the 
Chief  of  Ordnance,  the  Quartermaster  General  of  the  Army,  and 
General  William  T.  Sherman,  as  follows:  "No  change  will  be 
made  rU  :m\  time  which  invfjlvcs  expenditure  not  clearlv  within 
existing  ap])ropr!at ions,  and  great  care  will  be  taken  to  avoid  a 
deficiencw" 

On  Oct.  7.    1873,  ilu-  Chief  of  (  )nlnance,  T.   S.   .\.,    P.rigadier- 


108  lllSTUKV    OF    Till':    MIIJTAKV    CAXTEEN. 

I  jciH'ral  A.  II.  Dyer,  rccnmiTiondcd  thai  a  Hoard  of  (Ordnance  and 
Cavalry  Officers  Ik-  assembled  t(j  c(jnsi(kr  'VVliat  chan^a-s,"  if  any, 
.should  he  made  in  ■■'■  '■■■  *  cavalry  cciuipmenls  and  accouter- 
menl^.  a.s  puhlished  l)y  (J.  O.  Xo.  60,  War  Department,  A.  G.  O., 
June  29,  187J. 

I'.oard  was  convened  by  Special  Orders  No.  238,  Nov.  29,  1873. 
modified  l)y  Special  Orders  No.  253,  War  Dept..  A.  c;.  ()., 
J)ec.  24,  1873.  Report  of  proceedings  made  from  Water- 
vliet  yVrsenai.  West  Troy,  N.  Y.,  May  5,  1874,  by  Colonel  I.  N. 
I'almer,  2d  Cavalry,  president  of  the  Board.  The  Board  consisted 
of  the  following:  Col.  Innis  N.  Palmer,  2d  Cavalry;  Capt.  J.  J. 
Cphani,  6th  Cavalry;  Capt.  A.  Mordecai,  Ord.  Dept.;  Capt.  Guy  V. 
Ilenry.  T,i\  Cavalry,  and  Capt.  L.  H.  Carpenter,  loth  Cavalry:  also 
C'apl.  William  Ilawlcy.  3d  Cavalry,  in  place  of  Major  Henry,  rc- 
lieve(l. 

The  iM-oceedings  of  the  Board,  with  the  action  of  the  War  De- 
pariinenl  lliercdn,  were  published  in  Ordnance  Memoranda  No.  18. 
1874.  Under  the  caption  "Canteens,"  page  18,  is  found  the  follow- 
ing: "Canteen.  It  was  discussed  as  to  whether  the  canteen  should 
be  covered  with  two  thicknesses,  and  felt  was  suggested  as  a  good 
material."  Xo  other  reference  by  title,  to  canteen  is  found  in  the 
])ublished  report,  except,  same  page,  the  following:  "A  resolution 
was  adopted  requesting  the  commanding  of^cer  of  the  Leavenworth 
.\rsenal  to  make  for  the  use  of  the  Board  the  following  articles 
after  descrii)iion  furnished:  *  *  *  One  canteen  with  two  cov- 
erings." And,  on  page  57,  the  following:  "The  Board  is  of  the 
opinion  that  to  the  accouterments  should  be  added  a  canteen  of 
pattern  and  material  like  sample  submitted."  On  page  18  Board 
expresses  opinion  that  the  regular  equipments  necessary  for  a  cav- 
alry trooper  are  as  follows :  '=  *  *  One  canteen  *  *  ^'^  On 
page  69,  it  is  stated  that  ".A  personal  examination  has  convinced  the 
iJoard  of  the  superior  quality  of  the  manufacture  and  material  of 
the  articles  furnished  from  the  government  workshops  over  those 
nbtained  by  contract,  and  it  is  earnestly  recommended  that,  as  far 
as  possible,  all  stores  issued  to  the  cavalry  by  the  Ordnance  Depart- 
ment may  be  made  in  the  Arsenals,  believing  that  to  be  for  the  best 
interests  of  the  service." 

On  May  11,  1874,  the  Acting  Chief  of  Ordnance,  Col.  S.  \'. 
r.enet.  indorsed  proceedings,  concurring  in  recommendations  of  the 
r.'iard,  luu  in  carrying  out  the  changes,  alterations,  and  additions 
recommended,  suggested  •"ihal  the  I;;rge  (juantity  of  stores  on  hand 


HISTORN'    Ol'     I'lll".    MILir.\I<\'    CAXTKKX.  IO9 

of  old  paUenis  In-  utilized  and  llie  changes,  etc.,  be  made  as  rapiill) 
as  a  due  ret^ard  to  econonu'  w  ill  permit." 

(  )ii  May  15,  1874,  (jcu.  W  .  1.  Sherman  indorsed  that  he  "felt 
hardly  competent  to  pass  judj^ment  on  the  matter  of  cavalry  equip- 
ment, and  would  be  governed  by  the  opinions  of  the  cavalry  officers 
who  serve  on  the  plains  and  have  abundant  experience.  The  present 
stock  on  hand  could  be  exhausted  gradually,  leaving  the  new  equij)- 
ment  to  accumulate  in  store,  ready  for  emergency,  or  for  use  after 
the  present  supply  is  exhausted." 

On  May  20,  1874,  the  Secretary  of  War,  through  H.  T.  Crosby, 
chief  clerk,  concurred  with  the  General  of  the  Army  and  the  Chief 
of  Ordnance  that  the  stores  on  hand  of  all  patterns  should  be 
utilized  before  issue  of  new  patterns  except  in  regard  to  horse 
shoes." 


The  Chief  of  Ordnance,  U.  S.  Army,  in  his  annual  report  for  the 
fiscal  vear  ended  June  30,  1894,  states  under  head  of  "Aluminum 
EquiiMiients" :  "Experiments  with  articles  of  equipment  ruadc  oi 
aluminum  and  its  alloys  have  l)een  continued  during  the  year  at 
\arious  ])()sts  and  at  the  Rock  Island  Arsenal,  and  very  intelligent 
assistance  has  been  given  to  the  department  by  manufacturers. 
Successful  results  have  been  obtained  in  the  manufacture  of  spurs, 
waist-belt  plates,  and  several  minor  articles;  but  in  those  cases  in 
which,  from  their  importance  as  articles  of  considerable  weight, 
success  was  hoped  for  most — such  as  bits,  cups,  meat  cans,  picket 
pins  and  horseshoes — the  desired  quality  of  metal  has  not  yet  been 
obtained.  A  very  promising  canteen  has  been  designed,  but  not 
vet  tested  by  the  department,  and  experiments  will  be  continued  as 
rapidly  as  possible." 


Recommendation  That  Canteens  Notv  Disposable  Be  Sold. — 
Citation  of  Statute  Permittini^  ft. — Recommendation  is  made,  luider 
opinion  of  Assistant  Comptroller  Mitchell,  and  Section  1241  of  the 
Revised  Statutes,  that  all  canteens  not  in  tlie  hands  of  troops  l)e  sold 
as  tinsuitable  for  the  public  service. 

One  of  the  synonyms  of  "suitable"  is  "expedient."  An  article 
may  be  suitable  as  far  as  possibility  is  concerned,  and  not  suitable 
because  it  is  not  expedient  to  transport  it  to  the  place  where  it 
might  be  used,  or  to  the  person  who  could  use  it. 

Tt  is  thought  that  the  present  stock  of  old  pattern  canteens  are 
not  suitable  for  militarv  service.     Tt  is  neither  wise  nor  economical 


iii-TMin-  <>i     iiii-    ^Illl^\K•^'   i v.rrr.v. 


Afe6a?hc  Cani^c/r  /^/ask  .  rne  face  cc/fcaire,  o/yjosiic 
Kice    coni^cii  .■    Subftri  itecl  iy  the  Lunx   Canieer  Co., 
Chicago,  Jil.   0"vm%,tt(ui-  u-arA.  nrvufii,  et^c  . 


TIISTORV    Ol-    Tin-:    M  II.I'lAin-    f.\NTFJ:N.  Ill 

Id  retain  llicin  in  governnKnl  arsi'nal>.  armories  or  depots.  Liiev 
>lioulcl  be  Sdld.  It  is  suljnn'tted  tliat  tlusc  acts  justify  this  disposi- 
tion of  these  obsolete  articles  of  e()iii])nicnt.  They  are  important 
as  Ijearing  upon  the  Assistant  Comptroller's  view: 

The  first  is  the  old  law  of  March  23.  1825.  upon  which  section 
1241,  Revised  Statutes  is  based,  and  which  is  as  follows:  "That  the 
President  be,  and  he  is  hercb}-,  authorized  to  cause  to  be  sold  any 
ordnance,  ammunition,  or  other  military  stores,  or  subsistence,  or 
medical  supplies,  which  upon  ])r(jpcr  inspection  or  survey,  whenever 
in  his  opinion  the  sale  of  such  unserviceable  stores  will  be  advan- 
tageous to  the  public  service  ;  that  the  inspection  or  survey  of  the 
unserviceable  stores  shall  be  made  by  an  inspector  general  or  such 
other  officer  or  officers  as  the  secretary  of  war  may  appoint  for  that 
purpose  and  the  sales  shall  be  made  imder  such  rules  and  regulations 
as  tnay  be  prescribed  by  the  secretary  of  war." 

The  other  act  is  that  of  March  29.  1894.  which  provides  that  in- 
stead of  forwarding  to  the  accounting  officers  of  the  Treasury  De- 
partment returns  of  public  property  intrusted  to  the  possession  of 
officers  or  agents,  "the  quartermaster  general,  commanding  general 
of  sulisistencc,  and  other  like  statT  officers  in  any  department,  by. 
through,  or  under  whom  stores,  supplies  and  other  public  pro])erty 
are  received  for  distribution,  or  whose  duty  it  is  to  receive  or  ex- 
amine returns  of  such  property,  shall  certify  to  the  proper  account- 
ing officer  of  the  Treasury  Department  for  debiting  on  the  proper 
account  any  charge  against  any  officer  or  agent  intrusted  with  public 
prfjperty  arising  from  any  loss,  accruing  by  his  fault  to  the  govern- 
ment as  to  the  property  so  intrusted  to  him." 

The  act  of  July  31.  1894.  confines  the  duty  of  the  comptroller 
to  decisions  "upon  an\-  c|uestion  invoh'ing  a  pavment"  made  1)\- 
disbursing  officers. 

If  .Vssistant  Comptroller  Alitcheirs  ruling  is  pu])lished  ofticiatly 
il  will  make  possible  an  arrangement  wliereby  not  onlx-  unservicea- 
ble canteens  in  excess  of  future  needs  of  the  army,  but  also  horses, 
mules,  wagons,  or  other  army  material,  not  first  class,  hardly  worth 
reshipping,  can  be  sold  as  damaged  or  unsuitable  for  the  public 
service,  after  proper  inspection  or  survey,  and  when  the  sale  of  such 
will  be  advantageous  to  the  public  interests. 

It  is  submitted  that  the  sale  of  all  canteens  now  in  store  in  gov- 
ernment arsenals,  armories  or  de])ois.  of  the  1874  pattern,  or  1878 
or  later  pattern,  will  he  adx  .'intagei  ms  to  the  public  service  because 
the  presumption  is  that  the  appropriation  for  the  purchase  and  man- 


112  IMS■|•()K^'    ()|-     I  111,    .MII-ITAKV    f.\  XTICliX. 

!il';uMiiri'  i'|-  t';il»rii";iti('i).  <ii'  iMiuipinciits  Uir  inlanlry,  and  accoulcr- 
iik'iiIn  fill-  ca\alr\.  will  he  a<lr(|ualc  In  jjiovidc  new  niodcl  caiilceiis. 

Il  i>  iin<U'i>t' 1(1(1  I  hat  llif  army  appropriation  hill,  second  scries. 
56tli  fon.ijress.  carries  uitif  it  for  rcpairint;- and  ])rcscrving  ordnance. 
$75,000;  for  pnrchaseand  mannfactin-e.  to  fill  recpiisitions  of  troops, 
$500,000;   for  infantry,  cavalry,  and  artillery  c(|uipnients.  $750,000. 

The  Chief  of  (  )rdnance.  L'.  S.  Army,  is  (jnotcd  as  follows  :  "The 
ordnance  depot  at  Manila  is  now  snpplying  an  army  of  nearly  70,000 
men,  scattered  ahout  among  the  islands,  and  yet  there  is  but  one 
officer  available  for  duty  at  this  post  in  addition  to  the  chief  ordnance 
officer  whose  time  is  fully  occupied  with  the  duties  of  general  admin- 
istration. 

The  improvement  ot"^ material  l)eing  under  way  at  all  times, 
technical  officers  must  at  all  times  be  in  touch  with  it,  not  only  in 
the  hands  of  troops,  but  also  with  the  vast  accumulations  in  reserve. 
The  relations  of  the  department  to  the  line  of  the  army  should  be 
close  and  intimate  in  order  that  the  experience  of  the  troops  shall 
he  available  for  the  instruction  and  guidance  of  the  department, 
and  that  the  wants  of  the  combatant  branch  of  the  armv  may  lie 
promptly  met  by  the  supply  departments. 

ft  has  been  impossible  of  late  years  to  spare  officers  for  this  dutv. 
the  lack  of  which  brings  wrongfully  on  llie  department  the  blame  of 
resjjonsibility  for  it. 

The  ordnance  establishments  are  l)y  no  means  adequate  to  pro- 
duce all  the  material  required,  and  a  greater  part  of  this  material 
is  procured  under  contract.  In  the  last  two  years,  at  many  of  the 
establishments  from  which  such  material  has  been  secured,  there 
have  been  no  inspectors,  and  several  establishments  have  been  looked 
after  by  one  inspector.  If  the  inspection  be  not  thorough,  inferior 
material  is  likely  to  come  into  th.e  service,  with  the  resulting  criti- 
cism of  the  (  )rdnance  Department,  and  wliat  is  worse,  a  possible 
failure  of  the  material  at  an  important  juncture." 


illSTURV    Ui-    TlII^    MILITAKV    CANTliEN. 


113 


Proceedings  of  Board  of  Officers  to   Examitie  and  Test  Canteeas, 
at  Rock  island,  fill.)  Arsenal,  Aug.  22  to  Sept.   13,  1900. 


Between  August  22  and  September  5,  1900,  nine  or  ten  tests  of  two  Regulation 
and  two  Lanz  Canteens  were  made  at  Rocic  Island  Arsenal  by  a  board  of  three  Officers 
of  the  Ordnance  Department,  pursuant  to  orders  from  the  Chief  of  Ordnance  and  de- 
tail by  the  Commanding  Officer  of  the  Arsenal. 

Exhibit  "A"  of  the  proceedings  of  the  Board  is  as  follows: 


TEMPERATURE    OF 


Date. 


Aug. 
22 

Aug. 
23 


Aug. 
24 

Aug. 
25 

Aug. 

27 

Aug. 


Sept . 

I 
Sept. 

4 

Sept 
5 


Manner  of 

making 

Experiment. 


Hours 
Exposed. 


A.M.    P.M. 


Air. 


Min.  I  Max. 


Deg.  ;  Deg. 


9  to : 


Covers  dry  ;  expos' d 
on  window  sill,  in 
sun 

.All  except  U.S.  No. 

I  had  felt  wet,  with 

canvas  co\ers  dry. 

U.S.No.  landfelt 

wet.     On  window 

sil,  in  sun ,   9  ' "  2 

Same  as  in  previousl 

experiment  except! 

hung  over  boilersi 

in  boiler  room —      9  '"2. 

Same  as  on  Aug.  23J 
except  hung  in  sun| 
with  free  circula-j 
tion  of  air 1  9  ^"  3 

13oth  felt  and  canvas 
covers  thoroughly 
wetand  expos'd  asl 
on  Aug.  25 9  to  3 

Same  as  preceding. 
A  thirdU.  S.  can- 
teen was  hung  up 
dry  and  had  a  tem- 
perature of  96  deg. 
at  end  of  exprmt. . 

Under  glass,  will 
free  access  of  air . 


.S6 


96 


Water 
when  put 

in       1  U.  S.  j  U.  S. 
Canteen.  No.   i.iNo.  2. 

Deg.    1  Deg.  [  Deg. 


Water  in  Canteen 
at  expiration  of  time. 


Lanz     Lanz 
No,  3.  No.  4. 

Deg.     Deg. 


91 '2    102 


So 


78     I     84 


66 


66 


66 


66 


103 


88 


84 


10  to 


10  t02 

Under  glass,  same 
as  preceding  ex- 
periment   lie  to  2 

Same  as  preceding 
experiment ID  to  3 


81 

92 

81 

92 

71 

99 

91 

no 

66 

76 

75 

Soyi 

56  (iced) 

loz'A 

74 

87 

75 

94 

84 
78 
76 


82 

100 

92 

93>^ 


98         lOI 

90  92 

8S>^!  84 

78     I  79 

76     I  75K 


82  Vf  81  >^ 

99  ><  100 

95>^     90 
94         93 


Tlie  Weights  of  Canteens,  their  Contents,  etc.,  were  as  follows: 


U.  S.  No.  I 

.    U.  S.  No.  2. 

Lanz  No.  3. 

Lanz  No.  4. 

ozs. 

1          ozs. 

ozs. 

ozs. 

Empty  and  cover  dry 

13,V 

i        13,% 

23H 

18tV 

Full  of  water,  cover  dry 

59,^« 

•^9A 

O+A 

50  H 

Cover    saturated    \\ith   water, 
Canteen  full 

6^A 

65-,'\, 

80-,«, 

68 

Weight  of  water  in  Canteen.. 

^■''h 

40  A; 

4015 

40A 

Weight  of  water  al<sorbed  by 
cover 

1; 

1; 

l(> 

9r'V 

114 


lll^l(.|<>    Ml      Mil.    .\III.IT\UV    c.wn-KX. 


Two   tl'Sis    WCW   ^•«llH■lll(|^(l    ill    \n\]V    liMiil^. 

\'\\n   cxpcriiiuiils   (irriipit'il    iivr   liniii-    cinli. 

(  )iK'  li  s|   rMiisiiiiU'il   live-  aii<l  iHK-liall   Ikuiis. 

■|'\v.)  (if  [hv  icsis  were  each  of  six  hours'  (Uiration. 

TIk'sc  tests  do  not  appear  to  have  been  made  in  accordance  with 
the  printed  con(Htions  upon  which  the  claims  of  the  Lanz  Canteen 
are  hased  and  stated  to  l)e  rcqnisite  in  order  to  demonstrate  those 
claims. 

This  statement  particularly  applies  to  the  length  of  time  claimed 
hy  that  Company  as  requisite — in  an  environment  or  temperature 
above  blood  heat— in  which  to  prove  the  merits  of  the  Lanz  Canteen 
and  general  superiority  of  the  device. — See  Claim  IX. 

It  ai)pears  that  the  Board  followed  the  methods  outlined  by  Mr. 
Lanz  in  his  letter  and  circular,  August,  1900,  describing  his  canteen 
and  the  experiments  made  by  the  inventor  with  the  U.  S.  and  his 
own  canteens. 

The  ex])eriments  of  the  Board  were  conducted,  the  commanding 
officer  states,  with  care  and  fairness,  and  he  agreed  with  its  conclu- 
sions. 

Except  m  ])assing  judgment  on  the  flattened  side  of  the  flask, 
the  opinion  as  to  the  advantage  of  the  removable  cover  and  its  ser- 
viceableness,  the  conclusions  of  the  Ordnance  Board  were  based 
upon  the  results  of  the  nine  or  ten  tests  quoted. 

These  results  differed  materially  from  those  of  the  inventor  of 
the  Lanz  Canteen.  Besides  its  conclusions  upon  those  results,  the 
Board  was  of  the  opinion  that  none  of  the  canteens  had  any  appre- 
ciable advantage  over  the  others  in  the  temperature  of  the  water 
they  contained.  The  Board  found  but  a  slight  difference  in  the 
relative  conductivity  of  the  covers  of  the  canteens ;  referred  to  the 
fact  that  the  Lanz  was  heavier,  held  less  water  than  the  Regulation 
Canteen,  and  added  that  for  a  period  of  at  least  six  hours  the  gov- 
ernment canteen  will  keep  water  as  cool  as  the  Lanz  canteen. 
Tt  sustained,  or  conceded.  Claims  II,  IV.  and  part  of  Claims  I,  III 
and  \',  also  \T  ;  also  the  claim,  but  not  the  conclusion,  of  X\',  in  the 
following  finding:  quotation  from  the  proceedings  and  summary 
of  theBoard.  viz. :  "The  cover  of  the  Lanz  Canteen  possesses  greater 
absorptive  powers  than  that  of  the  Government  Canteen,  conse- 
quentlx-  it  woifld  ajipear  that  this  canteen  would  keep  water  at  a 
lower  temperature  for  a  longer  period  under  similar  conditions  than 
the  Government  Canteen." 


IIISTl)I\^'    i)|-    Till,    MIMTARV    CAN'TKEX. 


1  I 


Jiarlsiii/ie,  JSacIc/l.  <5er.  /t/umLMum  Canteeft  - 
ccoi-rtd  iy  the  German  t^eihcd^  sinf/e  felt 
iviih  Jtanyu/y  strav  /«"-  Cata/ry.  ako  corrij  s/re^' 
for  Infun(ri(  -ottac'/cd  t.n  oosiito/t,  Copoali^  to 


Carryinf  Strati 


Sca/e:     /3 


I  |()  IIISKJKV    <)l'     I  111.     MIL1T.\I<^     CANTEliX. 

Claims  oi   riir;  1,\.\/,  M am  i  acti  ki.\(;  Company  Ri:(;akijin(; 
Till';  "Lanv,  Canti'J-.x." 

/(Vjj-f^  Lake  Slrccl,  Chicago  III.,  Jugitst  Hlh,  icjoo. 

I.  Thai  the  Lanz  Canteen  will  keep  water  cool  at  a  low  tem- 
|K'rature.  or  warm  li(|ui(ls  at  a  lii.i,^li  temperature,  longer  than  any 
<  (her  canteen  ui  e(jual  capacity. 

J.  That  the  drinkahlc  condition  of  the  liquids  carried  in  the 
I. an/.  Canteen  will  ccjiitinue  for  a  longer  period,  either  in  cold  or 
hot  climates,  than  in  any  other  Canteen  of  equal  capacity. 

3.  That  its  method  of  retarded  evaporation  secures  palatable 
drinking  water  in  either  tropical  or  arctic  regions  for  a  longer  time 
than  the  Regulation  Canteen  now  used  by  the  U.  S.  A. 

4.  That  the  felt  w  ill  remain  moist  for  a  number  of  hours  longer 
than  the  inner  cover  of  felt  used  on  the  Regulation  Canteen;  hence 
the  water  remains  cool  for  many  hours  longer  in  the  Lanz  Canteen 
tlian  the  same  amount  of  water  similarly  exposed  to  a  high  tem- 
perature in  the  Regulation  Canteen  or  any  other  Canteen  used  in 
military  service,  or  sul)mitted  for  experimental  trial. 

5.  These  results  are  accomplished,  in  part,  by  a  removable,  open- 
able  canvas  cover,  and,  in  part.  l)y  means  of  an  inner  cover  of  felt, 
the  latter  being  of  a  quality  and  thickness  superior  to  the  felt  used 
on  the  Regulation  Canteen,  and  by  using  a  greater  quantity  of  felt 
as  an  inner  cover  than  is  used  on  the  Regulation  Canteen.  These 
covers  and  methods  are  explained  and  secured  by  U.  S.  Patent  Xo. 
655.979,  August  14th,  1900. 

6.  The  results  are  due  to  the  methods  observed  and  materials 
with  which  the  Lanz  Canteen  is  covered,  the  latter  being  compo- 
nents of  the  Canteen.  The  absorbent  properties  of  the  Lanz  felt 
cover,  and  subsequent  retarded  evaporation,  are  the  agents,  in  hot 
weather,  to  keep  the  contents  of  the  canteen  flask  cool. 

7.  In  cold  weather,  the  non-conducting  properties  of  the  com- 
ponents of  the  Canteen,  the  covers  being  dry,  tend  to  preserve  the 
contents  of  the  flask  from  freezing. 

8.  The  openal)le  and  removable  cover  possesses  advantages  not 
possessed  by  the  Regulation  Canteen  ;  it  is.  with  proper  care,  equal 
to  it  in  durability.  The  shape  of  the  patented  metallic  flask  is 
advantageous  and  is  superior  to  the  Regulation  Canteen,  all  of  which 
entitles  the  Lanz  Canteen  to  practical  trial  by  troops  actually  in  the 
field,  or  in  campaign,  with  a  view  to  its  adoption  by  the  L^nited 
States  for  use  in  the  military  service. 

9.  Particular  stress  is  laid  upon  the  fact  that  the  merits  of  the 
Lanz  Canteen  are  not  made  so  apparent  by  a  short  open-air  expos- 


HISTORY    OF    TOE    MILITARY    CAXTEEX.  11" 

ure  of  five  or  six  lunirs.  i  r  less;  or  by  Icslb  maik'  ini<kr  temperate. 
t)r  moderate,  thermometric  ennditions — as  ])y  comparisons  made  alter 
an  exposure  of  at  least  ei^ht  (8)  hours  imder  thermal  e(jnditit)iis 
ranging  above  blood  heat.  96°  F..  or  below  the  freezing  point,  32^  1". 

10.  As  a  Canteen  is  always  worn  l)y  every  combatant  .soldier 
when  in  the  field,  or  campaign,  as  an  essential  article  of  personal 
equipment,  but  only  occasionally  worn  when  troops  are  in  garrison, 
it  is  preferred  that  all  tests  of  Canteens  should  be  made  by  officers 
actually  on  duty  with  troops  in  the  field,  or  campaign,  and  not  by 
officers  whose  duties  confine  them  to  arsenal,  or  garrison,  or  depot 
duty. 

11.  In  hot  weather,  that  is,  when  the  open  air  temperature  is 
above  blood  heat,  96  F.,  the  felt  covering  must  be  saturated,  or 
moistened,  in  order  to  demonstrate  the  merit  of  the  Lanz  method 
as  opposed  to  the  Regulation  method  of  covering  the  metallic  flask. 

12.  As  an  important  distinction  between  the  Lanz  and  the  Regu- 
lation Canteen  covers  is  the  difiference  in  the  material,  ami  the 
amount  of  material,  with  which  they  are  covered,  it  is  essential 
that  the  fastenings  of  the  outer  cover  of  the  Lanz  be  drawn  up  tight, 
after  the  Canteen  has  been  immersed,  so  as  to  permit  air  from 
gaining  access,  and  the  ])rocess  of  evaporation  thus  rctardcil  or 
interfered  with. 

13.  Only  in  moderate  weather  and  in  winter  weather  should  the 
felt  be  left  dry.  In  hot  weather  the  felt  must  be  kept  moist.  To 
effect  this  last  named  requisite,  the  canvas  cover  must  be  slii)ped 
ofT  entirely,  or  the  lacing  or  fastenings  of  the  canvas  loosened. 

14.  The  facility  with  which  the  Lanz  openable  cover  can  be 
removed  is  a  decided  advantage  over  the  outer  cover  of  the  Regula- 
tion Canteen,  because  the  latter  is  tightly  sewn  uj)  around  its  entire 
circumference,  hence  the  service  Canteen  may  be  immersed  in  water 
without  properly  effecting  saturation  of  the  inner  cover. 

15.  As  the  inner  cover  of  the  Lanz  Canteen  possesses  greaiir 
absorptive  powers  than  the  Government  Canteen,  it  will  keep  water 
at  a  lower  temperature  for  a  longer  time  under  similar  circumstances 
than  the  Government  Canteen,  hence  ]jossesses  merits  sufficient  to 
warrant  a  trial  in  the  military  service  w  ith  a  view  to  its  adoption  in 
lieu  of  the  Regulation  Canteen. 

16.  In  cold,  or  cool,  weather,  the  felt,  oi  course,  is  not  moist- 
ened, in  which  condition  it  will  maintain  the  heat  of  the  fluid  con- 
tents for  a  longer  period  than  tlie  Regulation  Canteen,  and  so  lessen 
the  danger  of  freezing. 

17.  The  Lanz   Manufacturing  Company  can   furni.sli   Canteens 


llS  IllsTUKV    VI-     lllK    MILITAKV    LAXTliliN. 

;m.i  tlKir  components  of  any  specified  weiglu  or  indicated  lluid 
capacity.  wlKthcr  less  than,  equal  to,  or  greater  than,  the  Govern- 
iiicnt  Canteen,  utilizing  for  the  purpose  any  metal  or  material,  or 
of  any  i)rescribc(l  pattern  or  model  desired,  retaining,  of  course,  its 
non-conducting  inner  fabric  or  textile  cover,  and  also  retaining  the 
removable,  openable,  patented  outer  cover  and  fastening  methods. 

1 8.  The  advantages  of  the  Lanz  Canteen  arc  more  than  appre- 
ciated by  soldiers  when  in  the  field  or  during  a  campaign  in  a  tropical 
region,  or  on  a  hot  day,  because  conducive  to  comfort,  effective- 
ness and  health. 

19.  The  Lanz  Manufacturing  Company  claims  to  be  able  to 
produce  a  canteen  flask,  retinned  after  the  plate  has  been  stamped 
into  shape,  and  which  may  have  a  piece  of  zinc  soldered  to  the 
inside,  or,  perhaps,  a  zinc  nozzle,  the  durability  of  which  retinned 
llask  will  largely  exceed  that  of  the  Regulation  Canteen,  and  which 
will  prevent  oxidation  for  at  least  four  times  as  long  as  the  Regu- 
lation Canteen. 

Commendations  and  recommendations  are  exhibited  by  the 
Company  from  the  following  named  Army  officers:  Col.  J.  M.J. 
Sanno,  18th  Infantry;  Maj.  P.  H.  Ray.  8th  Infantry;  Maj.  S.  L. 
Woodward,  ist  Cavalry;  Assistant  Surgeon  A.  E.  Bradley.  Medical 
Dept. ;  Assistant  Surgeon  S.  M.  Waterhouse.  Medical  Dept. ;  Capt. 
(leo.  W.  Goode.  1st  Cavalry;  ist  Lieut.  W.  M.  Whitman,  ist  Cav- 
alry; 2d  Lieut.  II.  C.  Smither.  1st  Cavalry;  2d  Lieut.  F.  W.  Healy. 
8th  Infantry;  2d  Lieut.  A.  \'.  L.  R.  de  Beaumont,  8th  Infantry;  2d 
Lieut  L.  .\.  I.  Chai)man.  rst  Cavalry;  Ordnance  Sergeant  Alexandt-r 
I'illow,  I'.  S.  A.;  Sergeant  J.  K.  .Miller,  ^d  Infantry.  Also  from 
several  business  and  manufacturing  firms  cmploving  laborers,  arti- 
ficers, etc.  Likewise  from  tourists,  bicyclists,  sportsmen,  ofiicers  of 
C  S.  X'olunteers.  National  Guardsmen,  etc. 

The  Company  supplements  its  published  list  of  testimonials  by 
two  temperature  tests,  one  a  hot  weather  test  made  on  the  roof  of 
tlieLanz  factory;  the  other  a  ct>ld  weather  open  air  test.  In  each 
I  rial  a  U.  S.  Army  canteen  is  also  said  to  have  been  used  in  com- 
parison. 

Xatm-ally,  the  results  as  published,  were  highly  favorable  to  the 
Lanz  Canteen.     The  first  test  covered  a  period  of  seven  hours. 


S.\XIT.\T[0X    .\XL)    HVGIEXE    AS    APPLIED    TO    CaXTEEXS. 

1  he  use  of  polluted  water  is  a  factor  dangerous  to  health  and  ac- 
counts for  the  prevalence  of  disease  in  localities  where  other  sanitarv 
conditions  arc  beyond  reproach.     It  is  the  part  of  wisdom  to  remove 


llISTcnn     OF    THE    MILITARY    CAXTEEX.  1 19 

danger  of  possible  contamination  Ijy  the  use  of  a  canteen  which  can 
l)e  completely  emptied,  drained  and  even  sterilized. 

By  inserting-  the  little  finger  in  the  mouth-piece  of  the  present 
regulation  tin  flask  canteen,  there  can  be  felt  enough  abiding  places 
for  pathogenic  germs  and  micro-organisms  to  make  the  use  of  the 
canteen  a  dangerous  factor  after  polluted  water  has  once  entered 
the  flask. 

]n  the  regulation  canteen,  the  muuth-piece  is  either  inserted  ur 
applied  like  a  spout.  In  either  case,  it  is  a  separate  piece  of  sheet  tin. 
soldered  on.  The  projections  and  rough  edges  become  nesting  places 
for  waste  matter,  and  breeding  places  for  things  dangerous  to 
health,  even  after  pure  or  sterilized  water  has  been  deposited  in  it. 

Soldiers  have  not  access  to  germicidal  supplies,  nor  can  the  in- 
sides  of  canteens  be  inspected  in  the  way  that  "health  officers  inspect 
milk  cans,  pans,  dairies,  and  creameries.  The  present  regulation 
canteen  can  carry  typhoid.  As  bacteriological  examinations  cannot 
be  made  of  canteens  where  the  latter  are  daily  carried  as  a  portion  of 
the  field  equipment, — it  would  be  wise  to  abandon  the  present  regu- 
lation canteen  and  adopt  in  lieu  one  differing  in  material,  construc- 
tion and  shape. 


Co.MPARisox  OF  niE  Ar.mjks  IX  CiiixA— Xarrative  by  ax  A.meri- 

CAX  War  Correspoxdext  About  Caxteexs,  Other 

Persoxal  Eouifmexts  of  a   Soldier. 

AXD  Army  Water  Supply. 

The  dweller  in  towns  can  have  no  conception  of  what  tlie  lack  of 
a  jilentiful  supply  of  good  water  is.  Water,  to  them,  like  air.  is 
cheap  and  common.  During  the  interval  between  our  Civil  War  and 
the  Spanish-American  War,  the  only  soldiers  of  our  army  who  ap- 
preciated the  value  of  water,  and  of  a  good  canteen,  were  such  of 
the  military  establishment  as  had  service  in  arid  regions  in  hot 
weather,  and  hence  had  been  compelled  to  rely  upon  the  article  of 
personal  equipment  named. 

Thomas  F.  Millard,  writes  from  China:  "Examine  military  med- 
ical statistics  and  you  will  find  that  half  the  ills  an  army  is  heir  to 
are  directly  traceable  to  the  use  of  bad  water.  I  sometimes  wonder 
whether  we  Americans  shall  ever  learn  some  things,  and  generally 
sadly  reach  the  conclusion  that  we  never  shall.  Jn  this  prolilem  oi 
army  water  supply,  the  Japanese  stand  for  cftu'ii'iicy — the  Ameri- 
cans for  deficiency,  with  other  nations  strug.qlinii  along  somewhere 
between.     The  water  in  X'orth  CJiina  is  so  bad  that  resident  Euro- 


120 


HISTORY   OF    THE    MILITARY    CANTEEN. 


D 


A 


ffarliruht,  BacUn,  Gtrffary.  ^/umi^yunt  F'/ask ;         (y ^  ^rmy  /Ftfu/atio/t  3tn/K€  Cottieett, 
ftc  ccftr.  ca/oacit^   2$  OZ  ,  jreiy^t   Sox  Ordnance  ^tttr/r ,  aCeuiU  coutr,  ^e-it 

and.  cant/as.  Capacity  -^3  f/uid  eur<cti 


Scale:    /x 


/^t  relit     J  Aon-   rt/tfrt    /eokoet    /'■ 


iy«   tejian 


"fp^  t>^*roccU^  Canietyr  "nZ  r'n,  the 
IMi&td  Stait.  5  /frrrty  ^iicrn.  oi^  /f-fX . 
O/TcC  d^iriffj  cur  Second  trar  nntlh £'jiincl. 
(.  fyvnf  a,  irocfrry  /urniaJ^ci  iy  tjte  ^uv6u- 
rrfOiitr  ircntfaC,  ^J/<  ) 


7^oc/^f  /lrms?,eZ  iy  the  (^»ifttj-^sit^ 
fc^ral  t/.3A    cf  iJfc  type  c/"  t>h. 
/"U-sk.    canteen   Ceoered^  a^tJ,    c/oiTt 
Uitd,  in  tJf«  i^if^d,  Stot^i/f„„y  n-tk-ZUf, 


HISTORV'  OF   THE    MILITARY   CAXTEEX.  I2l 

peans  wil!  uol  dmilv  u  unul  ii  lia,-^  Iacii  boiled  and  tillered.  The  tael 
was  well  known  before  a  foreii^ii  soldier  set  tool  at  Takii.  It  was 
ulso  realized  that  there  was  danger  of  wells  l)eing  poisoned  \)\  the 
Chinese  ;  while  to  use,  tuipin*itied.  the  liltli-ladeii  waters  of  the  canals 
;md  ri\ers  was  to  invite  an  epidemic  among-  the  troops.  The  Jap- 
anese came  fully  provided  with  portable  filters  for  use  in  the  held. 
They  were  the  onh-  troops  who  possessed  these  necessary  utensils, 
and  they  spared  the  men  nuich.  They  also  had  in  common  with  all 
the  allies,  except  the  Americans,  provisions  for  supplying  the  troops 
with  water  while  on  the  march  or  in  action.  When  the  Fifth  Army 
Corps,  United  States  .\rm\-,  made  the  glorious,  but  in  many  ways 
disastrous,  campaign  against  .Santiago,  June-August,  1898,  we  paid 
a  price  for  ignorance  which  might  have  taught  -is  a  wholesome  les- 
son. One  of  the  deficiencies,  and  one  commented  on  by  all  the 
foreign  militar\-  attaches  who  accompanied  the  army,  was  the  utter 
lack  of  water  supply  except  the  small  quantity  the  men  could  carry 
in  their  canteens.  There  was  no  reserve.  When  the  water  bottles 
ran  dry  the  men  would  drop  out  of  the  line  of  march  to  replenish 
Ihem.  In  so  profusely  watered  a  cotintry  as  Cuba  that  was  not  diffi- 
cult, owing  to  the  proximity  of  the  Seco,  the  Aguadores,  and  the 
San  Juan.  Water  could  always  be  found  near  by.  or  secured  while 
crossing  a  stream,  but  the  custom  is  always  retarding  of  progress 
and  detrimental  to  discipline.  But  even  where  water  is  most  plenti- 
ful, the  practice  throws  the  door  wide  open  to  the  insidious  disease 
germ.  Here  in  China  where  water  is  fairly  plentiful,  but  marvel- 
ously  filthy,  to  provide  no  reserve  water  supply  for  troops  on  the 
march,  is  to  condemn  all  of  them  to  needless  suftering  and  man_\-  of 
them  to  death.  Two  years  of  almost  constant  campaigning  in  the 
Philippines,  coupled  with  the  experiences  in  Cuba,  have  taught 
Americans  nothing.  Our  troops  turned  up  in  China  with  their  can- 
teens, and  no  more.  I  believe  one  or  two  filters,  suitable  for  camp 
or  barrack  use,  and  too  cumbersome  for  ready  transport,  have  finally 
arrived.  But  they  could  not,  had  they  been  here  in  time,  have  l)een 
utilized  on  the  march  along  the  sluggish  Pei-ho  to  Peking — the 
mother  of  thousands  of  duches.  all  equally  filled  with  a  contaminated, 
yellow,  slimy  fluid,  spreading  out  over  the  cuuniry  like  a  web  of 
an  immense  water-spider,  licking  up  the  filth  of  countless  villages, 
and  feeding,  or  draining,  as  the  case  may  be,  their  cousins — the  cess- 
pools. The  men  sufifered  terribly.  Through  the  middle  of  the  day 
the  heat  was  intense.  Millions,  billions,  trillions,  of  flies,  buzzed  and 
bit.  For  miles  the  road  ran  through  millet  fields.  The  grain  stands 
from  ten  to  twelve  feet  high.  comi)letely  shutting  oft'  any  breeze 


IJ2  lllSl()K^'  M|-    Mil,   Mii.ri.\KN'   (  \.\ti-:i-:n. 

wliicli  inij^lil  pcjssiljly  l)c  slirrinj^-.  At  every  step  the  men  and  animals 
.-ank  a  foot  into  the  dust,  which,  ground  into  impalpable  powder  by 
the  passai^^e  of  thousands  of  vehicles,  hung  in  a  stifling  cloud  over 
ihe  line  of  march,  filling  throats,  eyes,  lungs,  and  nostrils.  The  sun 
struck  a  man  between  the  shoulders  and  Inirned  them  like  a  red-hot 
plaster.  Kivulets  of  perspiration  trickled  and  dripped,  converting 
faces  into  river  charts  of  China,  half  mud  and  half  water,  and  caus- 
ing evelids  to  gum  up  and  smart  i)ainfull\.  Canteens  were  emptied 
(|uickly  during  the  six  successive  days  march  after  the  Ijattle  (if 
Yang  Tsun  to  Peking,  and.  notwithstanding  positive  orders  to  the 
contrary,  were  refilled  out  of  wells  on  the  jiutrid  Pei-ho. 

Staggering  along  mider  their  blanket-rolls  and  full  marching 
e(iuii)ment.  what  wonder  that  the  troops  could  march  but  a  short 
distance  without  resting,  and  that  the  total  of  a  day's  effort  would 
be  but  about  eight  miles.  At  night,  the  mosquitos  relieved  the  flies 
as  agents  of  unrest,  swarming  in  dense  clouds  about  the  camps. 
Within  a  week  after  their  arrival  in  Peking,  over  one-third  of  the 
.Vnierican  force  was  in  the  hosj)ital.  This  was  about  the  average 
throughout  the  army. — Germans,  Russians  (including  Cossacks), 
Uritish  (including  Australians,  English.  Sikhs,  Ragputs,  Ghurkos, 
and  Chinese),  Americans.  French  (including  Tonquin  and  Cochin 
China  native  regiments).  Japanese.  Austrians,  and  Italians,  to  say 
nothing  of  the  "Boxers"  and  Imperial  Chinese  troops. 

If  ever  troops  needed  water  reserve  supply,  for  urgency  as  wcil 
as  sanitary  reasons,  it  was  on  that  march.  The  Japanese,  Russians, 
Ciermans,  I'rcnch,  and  British,  all  were  provided  in  some  way.  The 
Japanese  drank  only  aerated  water  prepared  regularly  by  the  field 
filters,  the  water  cart  moving  with  the  column  and  permitting  the 
replenishing  of  the  canteens  at  any  time  without  hindering  the 
march  or  scattering  the  troops.  For  the  Japanese  officers  and 
wounded,  there  was  an  ample  supply  of  ])ottled  mineral  water.  The 
British,  Germans,  and  Russians,  all  had  a  reserve  supplv,  either  in 
carts  or  carried  in  skins  on  mules.  Only  the  Americans  were  utterly 
destitute.  An  average  of  one-third  of  the  force  was  alwavs  awav 
from  the  coliunn  on  a  hunt  for  drinking  water.  At  nightfall,  when 
the  camps  were  pitched,  they  would  have,  perhaps,  to  tramp  long 
distances  to  obtain  enough  water  for  cooking  purposes,  while  all 
the  other  allies  had  theirs  ready  to  hand,  simply,  it  was  some  one's 
Inisiness  to  attend  to  it  and  see  that  proper  facilities  were  provided. 
Truly,  'tis  a  lop-sided  commissary  service  which  supplies  an  armv 
with  solid  food — and  woe  to  it  if  it  fail — but  makes  no  provision 
whatever  for  water. 


IIISTOKV    OF    Tllli    MILITAKV    CANTEEN,  123 

While  both  arc  indispensable,  water  is  far  more  of  an  urgent 
necessity  to  troops  than  is  other  food.  Frequently  a  few  drops  mean 
whether  a  soldier  will  drop  or  continue  to  march,  and  the  first  cry 
of  a  wounded  man  is  for  water.  The  advisability  of  supplying  troops 
with  water,  even  while  in  action,  has  long  been  recognized,  and,  not- 
withstanding the  difficulty,  has  been  successfully  accomplished. 

In  this  war  I  have,  for  the  first  time,  seen  the  "bhisti."  whom 
Rudyard  Kipling  has  immortalized  as  ""Guuga  Din"  at  work.  He 
has  a  brother  now  in  the  Jap  water  coolie,  whose  duty  is  to  su])ply 
water  to  troops  in  action,  and  succor  the  wounded  on  the  field.  Some 
da}-,  perhaps.  Uncle  Sam  may  awake  to  appreciation  of  the  necessity 
of  some  needed  reforms  in  his  army  and  take  a  leaf  <jut  of  the 
Mikado's  book.  Three  days  after  the  allied  forces  entered  Peking, 
over  eight  hundred  Americans  or  one-third  (:;f  the  total  force  under 
General  Chai¥ee,  were  in  the  hospital.  The  percentage  of  Japanese 
troops  unfit  for  duty  at  the  same  time  was  less  than  five.  Yet  they 
had  done  more  work  during  the  campaign  than  had  the  Americans. 

We  seem,  for  sonie  reason,  always  to  be  lacking  adequate  trans- 
port. Some  of  the  powers  are  just  as  badly  off  as  the  United 
States  in  this  matter  of  proper  transport,  but  some  are  immeasur- 
ai)ly  superior.  The  Japanese  and  British- Indian  contingents  are 
the  best.  The}'  Iiave  not  only  developed  the  light  vehicle  and  small 
])ackage  system  to  a  high  state  of  excellence,  but  they  have  found 
another  accelerator  in  the  use  of  a  large  number  of  camp  followers. 
In  a  British  or  Japanese  regiment  the  number  of  camp  followers 
almost  equals  the  number  of  men  bearing  arms. 

These  auxiliaries  are  really  servants  of  the  troops.  Thev  re- 
lieve the  fighting  men  of  all  superfluous  baggage  on  the  march  and 
do  the  camp  labor  when  the  column  halts.  The  Japanese  or  British- 
Indian  soldier  carries  nothing  while  marching  except  his  rifle,  am- 
munition, and  water  bottle.  Xot  only  can  he  move  faster  and  with 
less  fatigue,  but  he  is  prepared  to  go  into  battle  at  an  instant's 
notice.  The  American,  (lerman,  or  French,  soldier,  if  sudtlenly 
attacked  or  brougln  into  action,  has  to  cast  aside  his  heavy,  bulky 
kit.  These  are  frequently  stolen  before  the  men  return  to  secure 
them,  if  they  ever  do.  Witness  the  denuding  of  our  troops  by  the 
straggling  l)ands  of  Cubans  during  the  Santiago  campaign.  Then, 
suppose  the  troops  advance  several  miles  in  the  course  of  an  engage- 
ment, which  frequently  liappens :  thc\-  luust  either  abandon  their  per- 
sonal cquiijmeiit  (  le>s  rifle,  amnnmition,  canteen,  cup,  and  in- 
trenching tool)  entirely,  or  return  for  it.  even  if  they  can  locate  and 
find  it  intact,  thus  covering  a  distance  three  times  when  once  should 


124  HISTORY   0|-    Tin:    MILHAKV    CANTEEN. 

li,i\i'  sLiiiKcd.  SiR-li  iinikis  -AS  iliisr  (jlU'ii  (Uxi<k-  tlic  success  or 
I'.'iiliiic  i»t'  a  caiiipaijj;!!.  Il  is  a  liiiiiiilialiiiL;  lact  llial  in  nearly  i\rr_v 
iiiarcli  »'t'  ativ  distance  wliicli  liic  allien  have  made  in  l  liina.  the 
Ainericans  held  the  culiinin  hack  heeause  they  were  unahle  to  keep 
ii[).  A  remark  of  General  Dorward  is  recalled  as  he  watched  the 
lilile  detachment  of  Americans  toil  painfully  and  slowly  throui,di  the 
nuid  on  the  march  to  Tnlin.  The  General  who  commanded  the  ex- 
peditionary k)rce,  had  ridden  l)ack  with  his  stafif  to  see  what  was 
keepins;'  ihe  ^'ankees  hack.  "iMne  fellows,"  he  said  as  he  gazed  at 
them.  "Fine  fellows.  SpkncHd  ph}'siqncs.  Pity  they  load  them 
down  so  they  can't  march." 

1 1  was  a  matter  of  comment  during  the  march  to  Peking  that 
the  Americans  had  more  men  drop  out  from  heat  prostration,  and 
re(|uired  to  rest  oftener,  than  the  troops  of  any  other  nation.  Fre- 
(|uentlv  one-fourth  the  American  force,  with  those  who  went  down 
and  those  who  stopped  to  attend  them,  would  be  out.  The  climate 
cannot  account  for  this.  It  is  very  similar  to  that  of  the  greater 
part  of  the  United  States.  The  troops  were  not  "green."  They 
were  veterans,  just  from  months  of  active  service  in  the  Philippines 
and  Cuba.  It  was  not  inferiority  of  physique.  The  Americans 
are  the  strongest  men  out  here.  What  then,  was  the  reason  ?  The 
men  were  required  to  do  too  much.  In  marching,  they  carried 
three  times  the  weight  imposed  upon  Japanese,  British,  or  Rus- 
sian troops.  Then,  a  dozen  times  during  a  day  they  were  compelled 
lo  make  detours  to  replenish  their  canteens.  While,  the  marcii 
having  ended,  the  Japs  or  British  soldiers  were  taking  things  easy, 
while  their  camp  followers  pitched  the  tents,  lighted  the  fire,  cooked 
the  f(Hxl.  and  ])repared  the  lieds.  the  weary  American  doing  all 
these  things  for  himself.  What  wonder  that  he  frequently,  from 
sheer  exhaustion,  went  supperless  to  bed.  and  slept  unsheltered 
rather  than  undergo  the  labor  of  pitching  his  tent,  to  become  the 
next  day  a  ready  victim  to  heat  and  dysentery?  The  camp  auxil- 
iary certainly  pays  fcr  his  keep.  In  spite  of  his  many  handicaps, 
the  American  soldier  has  held  his  own.  He  has  numerous  weak- 
nesses, but  fear  of  the  enemy  is  not.  fortunateh  for  the  security  of 
the  Republic,  one  of  them.  I  heard  foreign  ofificers  criticise  freely 
his  military  manners,  organization  and  equipment. — but  never  his 
fighting  qualities,  once  his  burden  of  antiquated  methods  is  cast 
aside  and  he  faces  the  foe  on  the  fighting  line.  There  he  is  as  he 
always  was,  and  let  us  hope,  always  will  be.  In  all  the  criticism 
one  hears  there  is  an  undercurrent  of  respect.  I  never  see  him  in 
a    fight    but    I    feel,    with    absolute    certainty,    that    the    American 


ilIST(M<\'    (II-      ill!-;     MILITAKV    C  AXTKEX. 


12- 


(tfiih  /hrker  ^i/ierj  no  covii-iCapcLOttfSoox. 

ffeifit.  ii  oz. 


OcM/e:/Z 


;    .,,  lll>T(iUV    <)|-     Till      MILITAKV    (  ANTEKX: 

,,,|,|i,i  uill  r\<r  ,l;i\i'  a  j^md  ac-coiint  <il'  liinisrlf  il  iim  a.skcd  lo  du 
III,, IT  ihiiii  >liniil(l  ])(■  aski-(I  of  any  man.  '  'iIk  r  elements  bcin^- 
;i|i|ir(>.\iniaul\  <((nal.  \hr  snuitcsl  licarl  and  sleadie>i  nerve  will 
win  in  the  u\v>{  hauler,  in  these  (jualilies,  L'nele  Sam's  boys  arc 
second  to  none.  "They  have  done  their  share,"  is  the  verdict  of 
|K'o|)l(.'  in  China,  who  have  been  licre  through  it  all.  The  lessons 
of  tliis  war  have  chielly  held  to  the  prosaic  lines  of  organization, 
Mipplv.  and  r(piii)nKnt.  and  on  matters  such  as  these  they  have 
shed  a  brilliant  li,L;lu  for  tliose  who  care  to  learn." 


How  TiiK  Carrrta.  or  \\'ati:r  Cart,  Used  at  Headquarters.  Imrst 

Dixisiox,  Fifth  Ar.mv  Cori\s,  ist  July-iotii  August, 

1898.  AT  Santia(^o  de  Cuba,  Was  Obtained. 

During  the  afternoon  of  Friday,  ist  July.  1898,  after  the  com- 
mander of  the  First  Division,  Fifth  Army  Carps, — General  J.  Ford 
Kent, — accompanied  by  his  aide,  the  late  Major  George  S.  Cart- 
wright,  and  the  Division  Inspector,  mounted,  reached  the  crest  of 
.*^an  Juan  hill,  where  we  had  been  preceded  by  General  H.  S.  Haw- 
Kins,  and  the  6th  and  i6th  United  States  Infantry,  there  was  a 
lull  in  the  firing  of  the  retreating  Spaniards.  This  gave  opportunity 
for  a  brief  inspection  of  the  grounds.  A  carreta,  a  dead  mule,  and 
some  empty  water  casks,  were  noted  on  the  western  slope.  A  car- 
reta. is  a  cart  with  two  wheels,  fitted  to  be  drawni  by  one  animal. 
This  particular  one  had  been  used  Iw  the  Spaniards  to  haul  water 
to  Fort  San  Juan.  A  sketch  of  the  carreta,  cr  water  cart  accom- 
panies this  report.  The  original  of  the  sketch  was  made  1\v  Mr. 
Adolfo  Carlos  Alunoz. — volunteer  aide-de-camp  on  General  Kent's 
stafY, — wounded  by  a  shrapnel  bullet  just  aliove  the  right  ear.  p. 
m.  of  the  following  day.  died  iitb  Xovcmljcr.  1899. 

After  a  portion  of  the  24th  United  States  Infantry  gained  the 
summit  on  the  date  first  mentioned,  the  Inspector  got  a  colored 
^ergeant.  name  unknown,  and  two  privates  same  regiment,  to  assist 
in  making  a  break  down  the  slope  for  the  carreta  and  the  barrels. 
We  succeeded  in  hauling  the  outfit  up  over  the  crest,  and  down  to 
where  the  Division  Commander's  hammock  was.  There  it  re- 
mained in  charge  of  Second  Lieutenant  Fred  L.  Munson,  com- 
manding the  division  headquarters  detachment  guard,  until  August 
loth. — date  of  departure  from  Santiago  de  Cuba,  for  Montauk,  L. 
1.  The  carreta  saved  many  a  weary  trip  to  the  San  Juan  river  for 
a  canteen  full  oi  water. 


ntsT()I<^    i)i-  -nil:   Mii.nAin-  i  \xti:i:n".  127 

OBSERVATIOXS  nS  TllJ;:  I'KKIX  KKLlEl'  KXl'i:!  JlIK  ).\'. 
By  Captain  irilHam  Crurjicr,  Ordnance  Department^  ('.  S.  ./. 

The  Chief  Orchiance  Officer.  General  Chaft'eeV  Staff.  stale?>  as 
follows :  From  the  time  of  the  arrival  of  the  first  American  troops 
at  Tien  Tsin, — 9th  Infantry. — plenty  was  the  order  of  the  day. 
("linger  ale  and  bottled  water  were  in  abundance.  Tlie  fare  was  less 
generous  on  the  march  to  Pekin. 

X'o  provision  was  made  for  supplying  the  L'nited  Slates  troops 
with  water  on  the  march,  other  than  the  canteen  which  each  man 
carried.  Other  troops  were  better  ofif  in  this  respect.  The  British 
Indians  carried  water  in  skins  on  pack  mules,  and  some  had  barrels 
upon  carts.  But  there  are  wells  in  all  the  Chinese  villages,  and 
these,  along  the  line  of  march,  were  not  more  than  a  mile  and  a 
half  apart;  and,  with  the  column  properly  halted,  it  is  as  easy  to 
till  canteens  from  a  stationary  well  as  from  a  stationary  cart  or  mule. 
The  water  in  the  wells  was  always  cool,  and,  though  seldom  per- 
fectly clear,  it  was  never  revoltingly  turgid,  as  was  that  of  the  rivers 
and  canals;  it  was  drank  freely  by  all  the  troops  of  the  expedition. 
Xo  other  troops  made  such  a  time  about  water  as  the  Americans, 
wiio  had  orders  to  drink  none  without  boiling  it,  and  had  special 
utensils  provided  fur  the  purpose.  These  orders  could  not  be  en- 
forced, however,  as  thirsty  soldiers  will  not  wait  even  when  arrived 
in  camp,  for  water  to  boil  and  cool.  Portable  filters  were  provided 
and  were  used  in  the  hospital  service,  one  also  I  observed  in  the 
light  battery,  and  one  was  in  the  headcjuarters  mess.  The  charac- 
teristic ailment  of  Xorth  China,  however,  seems  to  come  independ- 
ently of  the  water;  it  attacks  nearly  all  Europeans  and  Americans 
during  their  first  summer,  not  sparing  even  those  who  drink  nothing 
but  imported  waters.  With  careful  inquiry,  I  was  unal)le  to  find  a 
medical  man  who  could  assign  a  satisfactory  reason,  other  than  it 
was  "in  the  air." 

i  have  neither  heard  nor  read  any  criticisms  of  the  operations  of 
the  .Subsistence  Department,  other  than  as  these  were  affected  by 
lack  of  transportation,  which  suggests  an  inquiry  as  to  the  char- 
acter and  quantity  of  the  latter.  The  Americans  had  thirteen  f(nir- 
nuile  army  wagons  and  one  pack  train  of  forty  freight  mules,  be- 
sides two  or  three  ambulances  and  a  Dougherty  wagon.  This  sup- 
plv  was  intended  to  take  care  of  two  regiments  of  infantry,  a  bat- 
talion of  marines,  a  light  battery,  and  the  headquarters.  I'iie  four- 
mule  wagon  is  considered  to  be  distinctly  superior  to  the  means 
of  transportation  of  supplies  employed  by  the  British.  Japanese, 
Russians,  or  French.     '•'     "     '•'     The  American  train  had  one  man 


|_'S  IIISTOUV    (M      Till.    MII.IIAK^     (A.NIKKN. 

|m  |uiii-  imilrs,  all  llic  Inadcil  animals  bciiiL;-  driven  in  a  biincli  with 
;i  lu'lliiiari'  Icadini;'.  Ikre  also  was  econtjiny  oi  numbers,  although 
perhaps  the  Japanese  provisimi  ui  a  man  to  each  animal  was  a 
neccssitv,  as  tluir  i)i>nies  arc  all  stallions,  and  their  train  at  a  halt 
was  a  bedlam  of  llyinjj;-  heels  and  wild  snorts,  it  was  more  dan- 
gerous to  pass  than  a  Chinese  outpost.  A  lari^e  proportion  of  the 
lapanesc  transportation  consisted  of  pack  animals;  the  British 
Indians  had  nothinj^-  else;  the  inferiority  in  economy,  when  con- 
trasted with  the  American  system,  is  striking-,  when  it  is  noted  that 
it  requires  the  same  number  of  mules  to  carry  i,ooo  pounds  on 
jiacks  as  will  haul  3,000  pounds  in  our  army-wagon.  The  Ameri- 
can pack  train  carried  ammunition  onl\',  for  which  purpose  it  could 
not  have  been  replaced,  as  it  afforded  the  only  means  of  maintaining 
a  first  reserve  snpplv  in  constant  readiness  for  immediate  distribu- 
tion to  the  firing  line.  The  pack  saddles  of  the  diiTerent  nation- 
alities were,  in  their  effect  on  the  animals,  of  about  equal  merit. 
Occasional  sore  backs  were  noticed  in  all  the  trains,  but  the  Ameri- 
can ro(|uired  tlie  most  ^-Ixilltnl  jiacker. 

Within  three  days  after  the  arrival  at  I'ekin,  l)ottled  waters  and 
fanc\-  groceries  began  to  make  their  appearance  in  the  x\merican 
commissary  and  within  a  week  there  was  abundance  of  these  for  all. 

If  a  suflficient  number  of  four-mule  wagons,  the  most  rapid  and 
economical  transportation  yet  devised  for  countries  in  which  they 
can  go  at  all, — and  with  a  very  little  help  they  can  do  marvels  in 
the  way  of  trail  covering, — be  supplied  to  carry  all  the  men's  bag- 
gage, except  their  arms  and  canteens,  and,  in  addition,  a  sufficient 
number  of  armed  men  to  act  as  train  guards,  riding  either  in  the 
seats  with  the  drivers  or  on  others  provided,  these  men  w^ould  be 
sufficiently  fresh  to  do  the  loading  and  ether  extra  work,  and  the 
whole  organization  would  be  made  more  economical  and  serviceable 
than  one  provided  with  coolie  corps. 


FURTHER  UPEX  AIR  TESTS  MADE  OF  CANTEENS 
Ixti:nl)i;i)  kou  I'si-:  jx  Military  Servick.  Made  at  Headquarter.'^ 
Dki'art.mkxt  of  D.\k()ta.  St.  Paul,  Minnesota. 
(For  description  of  various  canteens  tested  see  pp.  57-61  this 
report;  also  further  description  given  below.) 

Stccitications,  etc.,  of  Canteen  "AA". — Canteen  "AA"  is  the 
regulation  service  pattern  canteen,  manufactured  at  Rock  Island 
Arsenal,  i()co.  and  issued  to  me  direct  from  there.  It  has  double 
cover — Petersham  felt  inner,  and  dved  duck,  or  canvas,  outer  cover. 


IIISTORN'    f)l-    Till".    MIl.llAin'    CWTI-.I-.X.  129 

Capacity  44  fluid  ounces,  45  and  2-4  ozs.  avoirdupois.  Wciglil, 
empty,  covers  on  and  dry,  avoirdupois,  12  and  ■}  ounces.  Weight, 
filled,  covers  on  and  dry,  avoirdupois,  58  and  |  ounces.  Weight, 
filled,  covers  on,  after  ten  minutes'  immersion,  avoirdupois,  63  and 
2-4  ounces.  Weight  of  the  tin  canteen  flask,  empty,  no  covers  on, 
avoirdupois,  9  and  2-4  ounces. 

This  canteen  was  sent  for  and  used  by  me  in  order  to  have  a 
standard  of  comparison,  and  because  of  variations  noted  in  other 
canteens  issued  to  the  First  Cavalry,  Eighth  Infantry,  and  other 
organizations  from  which  I  received  them,  termed  "U.  S.  Army 
Regulation  Service  Canteen,  Ordnance  Pattern,"  or  "U.  S.  Army 
Regulation  Service  Tin  Flask,  Ordnance  Pattern",  etc.  In  all  tests 
made  after  Test  No.  68,  all  three  of  these  service  canteens,  or  flasks, 
were  used.  Tests  were  conducted  as  described  on  pp.  43-4,  this 
monograph,  and  by  the  same  person,  using  the  same  thermometers. 

Specifications  of  Canteen  "BB". — Canteen  ''BB"  is  a  combina- 
tion canteen  and  filter.  Canteen  is  of  the  regulation  tin  flask  type, 
double  cover — regulation  felt  or  Petersliam  inner,  and  dyed  duck 
or  canvas  outer.  ]\Iade  at  Rock  Island  Arsenal,  October,  1898,  w  illi 
a  specially  wide  mouth  to  accommodate  the  Mrs.  Caroline  Parker 
Filter.  Capacity,  filter  in,  40  fluid  ounces,  42  ounces  avoirdupois; 
filter  out,  fluid  45  ounces,  avoirdupois,  46  ounces.  Weight,  filled, 
covers  on  and  dry,  filter  in,  59  ounces  avoirdupois.  Ditto,  after 
ten  minutes'  immersion,  64  ounces  avoirdupois.  Weight  of  the  tin 
flask,  empty,  no  cover,  filter  out,  9  and  ;i  ounces  avoirdupois. 
W^eight  of  filter,  including  soft  rubber  top,  3  and  I  ounces  avoirdu- 
pois. Weight  of  duck,  or  canvas,  cover,  dry,  i  and  2-4  ounces. 
Weight  of  same  after  ten  minutes'  immersion,  3  and  .[  ounces 
avoirudpois.  Weight  of  water  absorbed  by  the  canvas  cover,  i  and 
2-4  ounces.  Weight  of  the  Petersham  felt,  or  inner  cover,  dry. 
I  and  2-4  ounces.  Weight  of  same  after  ten  minutes'  immersion. 
7  and  2-4  ounces  avoirdupois.  Weight  of  water  absorbed  by  the 
inner  cover,  6  ounces  avoirdupois.  Weight  of  the  canteen  "P.IV, 
empty,  covers  on  and  dry,  filter  out,  12  and  '}  ounces  avoirdupois 
Weight  of  the  canteen,  empty,  covers  on  and  dry,  filter  in,  16  ounces 
avoirdupois. 

Specifications  of  Canteen  "CC". — The  canteen  purchased  1)y  the 
United  States  for  trial,  in  December,  1898,  or  October,  1898,  from 
the  Dubuque  Stamping  and  Enamel  Company,  has  been  descrilied, 
and  the  objections  to  enameled  metal  as  a  material  for  canteen 
flasks  dwelt  upon,  in  previous  pages  of  this  monograph.  In  the 
test  tables  it  is  termed  canteen  "C". 


-130 


iiisroKN'  oi-    Tin:   .miu'iak^'  ( wiT-kx. 


B 


0.5 ■  Atmu  Tfefulalion  Scrt/ice  Canteen, 
Ordnance.  Mttern,  double  Cooer,  /eUand. 
Canuai,  iutAai/inff,  also,  «.  ivaolenslocki'if 
ley  draw/r  ober  it. 

Capacity  4^s  ox.   trei-ght,  ZZ  ox. 


Atrviv  a^otr'a  trkare  /ea^aye  ieyait. 


t3ca/e:    Ji 


lIl.SnjRV    OF    llll-:    MIl-lTARV    CANTEEN.  I3I 

CaiUccii  ""LC""  is  an  cnanK-lcil  metal  caiuccn  l1ask  hoiiijlit  by  Uk' 
L.  S.  from  the  Dul)ii(|iic  Stamping  e^  Enamel  Company.  Its  con- 
struction, also  its  material,  is  in  i^eneral  identical  with  that  of  can- 
teen "C", — Differing-  in  these  details  :  It  is  covered  and  its  capacity 
.is  less.     Its  side  pieces  have  wire  triangles. 

Canteen  "CC"  has  a  double  cover  of  the  same  materials,  appar- 
■.ntl\  as  are  used  in  Regulation  canteen  "A"  or  "AA.""  It  lacks  the 
filter  with  which  canteen  ""C"'  is  provided,  and  the  mouthpiece,  or 
neck,  is  different.  (See  blue  print  of  "C,"  and  of  "CC",  also  sketch 
of  "C",  accompanying  this  report.)  The  construction  of  the  wire 
side  triangles  of  "CC"  is  similar  in  material  and  in  shape  to  the 
present  regulation  canteen.  The  side  loops  are  not, — they  being 
made  of  enameled  metal  ware. 

Flask  "CC"  is  encircled  by  a  band,  42  in.  by  i  in.,  of  same  ma- 
terial as  the  Petersham  felt.  It  is  provided  with  2-4  of  an  ounce 
more  of  this  absorbent  material  than  the  regulation  canteen  has. 
The  side  band  plain  iron  wire  triangles  of  this  canteen  are  engaged 
in  ears  of  enameled  metal,  each  of  which  is  fastened  to  the  side 
band  by  means  of  two  rivets.  The  mouthpiece,  or  nozzle,  is  also  a 
separate  piece  of  enameled  metal,  the  overlapping  edges  of  which 
are  held  together  by  means  of  two  rivets.  Apart  from  the  triangles, 
rivets,  neck-chain,  neck-band,  chain,  cork  and  its  attachments,  six 
pieces  of  enameled  metal  are  employed  in  the  construction  of  the 
canteen  flask. 

Capacity,  in  fluid  ounces,  43.     Avoirdupois  ounces,  44  and  5- 

Weight,  empty,  covers  on  and  dry,  avoirdupois,  20  ounces. 

Weight,  filled,  covers  on,  after  ten  minutes'  immersion.  74 
ounces. 

Weight,  filled,  covers  on  and  dry.  avoirdupois.  64  and  'l  ounces. 

Weight  of  the  emptv  enameled  flask,  no  covers  on,  avoirdupois, 
16  and  ]  ounces. 

Weight  of  the  duck  or  canvas  cover,  dry,  avoirdupois,  i  and  :| 
oimces. 

Weight  of  the  duck  or  canvas  cover  after  ten  (10)  minutes'  im- 
mersion, avoirdupois,  2  and  ^J  oimces. 

Weight  of  the  water  absorbed  ])y  the  canvas  cover,  avoirdupois, 
I  ounce. 

Weight  of  the  IV'tersham  felt,  or  inner  cover,  including  tlie 
band.  dry.  avoirdupois.  2  ounces. 

Weight  of  the  Petersham  felt  or  inner  cover,  including  baml. 
after  ten  minutes'  immersion,  avoirdu])ois.   10  and  2-4  ounces. 

Weight  of  the  water  absorbed  by  the  Petersham  felt,  or  inner 
cover^  including  the  band,  avoirdupois,  8  and  'l  ounces. 


1.^2 


IIISTUKV    ol'     IIJI-:    MIl-lTAKV    CANTEEN*. 
TEST   Nu.   (I'.t. 


Hour. 

Out 

side 

S.cx}  am 

+48 

9.00  " 

50 

10.00  " 

S2 

1 1.00  " 

.S6 

12.00111. 

s.s 

1. 00  |iin 

60 

2.00  " 

S« 

5.00  " 

ss 

4.00" 

ScS 

vOO  " 

5« 

'I'emperatiire  of  Water  in  Canteens. 


Envh  canteen  was  full.     Covkks  Dry.     All  of  the  canteens  were  suspended  from  a 
trestle,  so  that  free  circulation  obtained. 


A    /\-I  A  A     H 


1 70  1 70  1 70J 
120  106  130 

94  74104 

80  66  j  90 

72  62'  So 

66  62 

64  58 

62  58 

60  58 

58  58 


n  11  c  c;  E  G 


170  170 
144 


170 


96 

64 

84 

62 

76 

62 

72 

,S8 

68 

■^8 

64 

S8 

62 

58 

1 70'  1 70 

98:152 

72,130 
118 

1 06 

96 

90 

84 
78 

74 


I 

L 

<^ 

K 

170 

170  170 

170 

•54 

132  152 

'50 

132 

IIOI32 

126 

118 

94  118 

114 

106 

86  106 

104 

94 

78 

9S 

94 

86 

72 

«9 

88 

80 

68 

84 

82 

74 

64 

80 

74 

72 

62 

74 

72, 

170 

144 
126 
116 

102 

92 

88 
80 
76 
72 


''"  I 

170 

146 
126 

112 

102 
92 
84 
80 

74 
70! 


u 

V 

170 

170 

150 

122 

130 

96 

114 

82 

102 

74 

92 

70 

86 

64 

80 

62 

74 

60 

72 

58 

170  170 
961  92 
6S  *66 
62  60 

60  58 
60  58 
58J  56 
58  58 
58:  58 
58  58 


r.eaky. — Leakage  occurred  in  Canteen  "X"  at  the  point  where  the  stirrup  shaped  loops  were 
c"amped  to  the  sides  of '.he  flask  by  means  of  four  rivets.  The  Parker  filter  in  Canteen  "I!!!" 
was  found  to  be  broken,  having  separated  from  the  soft  rubber  top.  Breakage  thought  to  be 
occasioned  by  leaving  the  flask,  filter  m,  against  steam   radiator. 


TEST  No.  70. 


Temperature  of  Water  in  Canteens. 


7-45 
S.4S 

9-45 
10.45 
11.45 

'2-45 
1-45 
2-45 
.v45 
4-45 


Outside 
I'emp. 

+46 
48 
50 


461 

48 
50I 

54      54' 

54     '54' 


Conditions  same  as  in  preceding  Test.     All  Covers  T)rv. 


.\   A-I  A  A    B    KI! 


46    46 

481  48 
50  50 
52     52 


p  m. 


58 
52 
54 
54 
54 


E  I  G  I  H    I   I  L  I  Q  I  R  I  S  i  T 


5252 

54 1 56 
5656 
54[54 
54154 
5454 


46  46 

4848 

48:48 

4850 
5050 
5050 

5250 
5452 
5452 
5250, 


46  46  46:46 
46l5oJ5o'48 

5252,50 
54152:52 
56|54  52 
58|56,54 
58i56!56 
58  56  54 
5654 
56154 


48 

50 

52 

54 

54 

54: 

54:56 

5456 


46146 

4848 
5048 
50  48 
5250 
5452 
5452 
5452 
5452 
5452 


u 


46 
481 
48  i 
501 

50 
52I 
541 
54 

52: 
52; 


46    46 

48  46 
50*48 
50  48 
50    50 

54  52 
54  52 
54  54 
54  54 

54  52 


"Leaky. — Leakage  in  Canteen  "X"  as  in  preceding  test.  Temperature  of  "V,"  the  Eveking, 
Westphalia,  Canteen,  rose  above  that  of  the  air,  and  remained  above  that  of  its  environments  for  a 
period  of  eight  (S)  hours.  Aluminum  Canteen  "L,"  the  Karlsruhe,  I'aden,  one:  al>o,  the  Lanz  tin 
llask.     Canteen  "Q"  rose  above  the  atmospheric  temperature. 

Note  should  be  made  that  none  of  the  canteen  covers  were  wet,  or  moistened. 


HISTORY'    OF    TIIF,    MILIT.KRV    CAXTFFX. 
TEST  No.   71. 


I3.> 


Open  air  test — in  sun  fur  six  (6}  hour.-,  followed  liy  three  (3)  iiours  in  tiie  shade. 
Each  canteen  was  full.  All  cover.s  dry.  All  of  the  canteens  were  suspended  from  a 
trestle,  so  that  free  circulation  prevailed.  Test  made  on  the  roof  of  the  L,  Army 
Building,  Headquarters  Department  of  Dakota,  St.  Paul,  Minn. 


1  Out- 

Temperature  of  Water  in  Canteens. 

I'l'em. 

.\ 

A- 1 

A  A 

15 

Bli    C  C 

1    

K 

G 

H 

I 

I.    !    Q 

R 

s 

T 

u 

V 

\v 

X 

a.m.! 

7.50  +58 

48 

48 

48 

48 

48    48 

48 

48 

48 

48 

48 

48 

48 

48 

48 

48 

48 

48 

US 

K.50,  60 

.58 

.S6 

.SO 

.SO 

52     56 

54 

48 

48 

SO 

66    54 

48 

SO 

54 

SO 

54 

54 

S6 

9.50    70 

60 

60 

S4 

S4 

54   58 

S8 

SO 

SO 

52 

68 

58 

SO 

52 

54 

52 

58 

58 

58 

10.50   63 

64 

64 

S8 

56 

58   62 

64 

S2 

S2 

S6 

70 

62 

56 

54 

S8 

56 

64 

62 

60 

11.50    70 

66 

66 

62 

63    62    64 

68 

56 

54 

5« 

72 

64 

5« 

56 

60 

58 

68 

64 

60 

12.5(1    72 

70 

6S 

64 

64   64   66 

70 

S8 

S6 

60 

74 

66 

62 

60 

60 

60 

70 

66 

64 

1.50   60 

70 

66 

66 

66    66    6"} 

70 

60 

S8 

62 

74 

66 

64 

62 

62 

62 

70 

66 

64 

2.50   60 

66 

64 

64 

64 

64   64 

64 

60 

58 

62 

70 

66 

62 

62 

62 

62 

66 

62 

62 

3.50   60 

64 

62 

62 

64 

62   64 

62 

60 

S8 

60 

68 

66 

62 

60 

60 

60 

64 

62 

62 

4.50    60 

62 

60 

62 

62 

62   62 

60    60 

58 

60 

66 

64 

62 

60 

60 

60 

62 

62'  6c 

"Leaky. 

CoMME.N'T. — Temperature  of  "A"  Regulation  l  unteen — held  above  that  of  the  air  during  ilic  las' 
three  hours. 

Temperature  of  "L'"^KarIsruhe,  Badeii,  aluniinum,  ("lerman  single  felt-covered  canteen— ranget 
and  kept  above  that  of  the  air  during  the  closing  eight  hours  of  the  test. 

Sexeral  other  canteens  rose  to  a  temperature  above  that  of  the  atmosphere,  and  kept  above  it,  dur 
ing  the  three  closing  hours  that  the  trestle  was  in  the  shade. 

Note  should  be  made  of  the  fact  that  none  of  the  covers  were  wet,  or  moistened,  before  or  during 
this  test. 


TEST  No. 


Out- 

Temperature of  Water  in  Canteens. 

All  the  canteens  were  full,  covers  dry,  suspanded  from  a  trestle    und:r  glass  (storm 

Hour. 

side 

window — eight  panes  of  gla'is,  each  20x17  inches)  placed  nearly  horizontally  above  the 

Temp. 

canteens  in  such  a  manner  as  to  admit  free  circulatioa  ot  the  air.     Trestle  stood  on  roof 
of  L  of  Army  lUiilding,  St.  Paul,  Minn. 

A 

A- I 

A  A 

B 

B  B 

c  c 

E 

G 

H 

I 

L 

Q 

R    i    S 

T   1   U 

V 

w 

X 

a.m. 

' 

<Ms 

*6o 

56 

56 

S6 

56 

S6 

56 

56 

56 

56 

56 

S6 

S6 

S6 

56 

56 

56 

56 

56 

56 

10.15 

60 

58 

6d 

58 

5« 

60 

60 

60 

S8 

58 

58 

60 

58 

58 

58 

58 

58 

60 

5« 

*6o 

ins 

70 

62 

62 

60 

bo 

60 

60 

62 

60 

58 

58 

62 

60 

60 

60 

5« 

60 

62 

62 

62 

1'   'I'- 
12. IS 

70 

64 

64 

62 

62 

64 

64 

66 

60 

60 

60 

64 

62 

62 

62 

62 

60 

66 

62 

64 

1. 15 

64 

64 

66 

64 

64 

64 

66 

68 

62 

62 

62 

66 

64 

64 

64 

62 

62 

68 

64 

66 

2.15 

66 

66 

66 

66 

64 

66 

66 

68 

62 

62 

62 

68 

66 

64 

64 

64 

64 

70 

64 

66 

'I.caky. 


I.M 


IIISIOKN     ()|-     rill-.    MIl.nAUV    CAXTIiliX. 
TEST   No.    I'A. 


Temperature  of  Water  in  Cantecn.s. 


Hour       >ulc 
Teiiip. 

.c 

onditions 

:     Under 

glass,  same  as  in  preceding  test. 

A 

A-1 

A  A 

li 

1!  U  CC     li 

1         I 

u 

H       I 

L 

Q 

A 

s 

'!• 

V 

V       W        .\ 

a.  m. 

S.IS 

+SO 

';6 

S6 

S6 

S6 

■56 

.S6 

56 

56 

56 

56 

56 

56 

56 

9- '5 

S4 

S6 

S6 

S8 

.0 

56 

58 

5b 

58 

58 

56 

58 

58 

58 

10.15 

S6 

S6 

Sf' 

S8 

56 

,Sb 

58 

5b 

58 

58 

58 

58 

58 

58 

II. 15 

58 

56 

56 

58 

56 

56 

58 

5b 

58 

58 

58 

58 

56 

58 

12.  IS 

60 

S6 

S8 

S8 

S8 

.S8 

58 

■   56 

58 

58 

58 

58 

58 

58 

1.15 

60 

S8 

S8 

S8 

S8 

60 

58 

58 

bo 

58 

58 

58 

58 

58 

2.15 

60 

S8 

60 

60 

60 

60 

S8 

58 

bo 

58 

58 

58 

58 

58 

3- '5 

60 

S8 

60 

60 

60 

60 

'58 

58 

bo 

bo 

58 

ScS 

S8 

ss 

4-15 

60 

■;8 

60 

60 

60 

S8 

S8 

58 

bo 

bo 

bo 

bo 

58 

58 

5- '5 

5S 

■^s 

58 

58 

58 

58 

58 

58 

bo 

58 

bo 

bo 

58 

58 

1 

Out- 
side 
Temp. 

Temperature  of  Water  ir 

1  Canteen 

=■ 

Hour . 

Open- 

air  test,  canteens  all  full,  covers  dry,  suspended  from  trestle, 
of  air. 

free 

circulation 

A 

A-l 

A  A 

B 

B  B 

C  C 

E 

G 

H 

I 

L 

Q 

R 

.LI.L 

U 

\-     W 

X 

a.  ni 
7.40 

+S2 

50 

50 

50 

50 

50 

50 

50 

50 

50   5f^ 

50 

; 

.^•.40 

52 

48 

48 

48 

48 

52 

52 

46 

52 

48    54 

54 

9.40 

48 

48 

48 

48 

48 

50 

52 

46 

52 

50    54 

54 

10.40 

52 

48 

48 

48 

48 

52 

52 

48 

52 

50    54 

54 

11.40 

54 

.  50 

50 

50 

50 

52 

52 

50 

52 

50   54 

54 

i 

12.40 

S6 

52 

52 

52 

52 

54 

54 

50 

52 

52    54 

54 

1.40 

S6 

54 

54 

52 

54 

5? 

54 

52 

52 

52;  54 

54 

2.40 

56 

54 

54 

54 

54 

56 

54 

52 

54 

54    54 

54 

.>-40 

54 

54 

54 

54 

54 

54 

54 

52 

54 

54    54 

54 

4.40 

54 

54 

54 

54 

54 

54 

54 

5^    54 

54    54 

54 

TEST  No. 


9.30  a.  m. 
10:30    " 
11.30    "     . 
12.30  p.  ni . 

1.30     "     . 

2.30     "     . 


1  emperature  of  Water  in  Canteens. 

Ml  canteens  full,  covers  dry,  suspended  from  tres- 

tle, under  glass — same  as  in  Test  No.  72. 

I  emperaturc. 

A 

A  A 
56 

B 

S6 

c  c 
S6 

E 

S6 

L 

S6 

Q 

S6 

R 

56 

s 

T 
56 

u 

+62 

56 

56 

6S 

60 

bo 

60 

bo 

b2 

58 

55^ 

60 

bo 

bo 

58 

66 

62 

62 

62 

60 

62 

58 

62 

60 

62 

60 

60 

64 

62 

64 

62 

62 

64 

60   64 

64 

62 

62 

60 

64 

64 

64 

64 

64 

66 

62    64 

64 

64 

64 

62 

62 

64 

64 

64 

64 

64 

62    64 

64 

64 

64 

62 

.>1  llwi  1  .\l\  1        *.  .V.N    i  IL1L.\  . 


Mo 


-BB 


Airh/>€ 


cCouift  oci/ers  .  Afade  at  Tfozk  Ja^anoi  /li-aei^ai   Oct  /e98  t^rii  a  ^^ecui/iy  t/rUe  frrouH    ire 
a(.<.ommoAi.ie   tfte  flfra.  Caroline  /irkef     ^i/icr,  Casacti^.  fi/itf  in.i^'"'^.''/"'"'    ■•'*«"■ 

'  v/  ('/*v'Kr<t-  .DC.      ^9 

Wiityht.  fi/ier  jrt ,   /V//e<^,  comnon  atrei  elry      Ai/eriuacra       S9   ourtcts 
Itt'fii.  Fr/ter  tn.  fU^ed, cot/era  on^after  ^err  rprttruies  mimttrsTorfi^tiarijtit^ii- ,  &*  ox. 
iVtioAi  of  the   tin  f/ask  .   no  Cot/era.  errrfi^y ,  fi/ter  oi/ct,    a%    or.. 


IT^Ct  IIISTOUV    OF    Till-:    MIIJTAUV    CANTEKX. 

TEST  No.   7tj. 


Outside 
Tcriipcratiir 


+48 
4S 

4S 
48 
4S 
50 
40 

3^ 


I  'J'emperature  of  Water  in  Canteens. 

Canteens  "A,"  "AA,"  "15"  anJ  "CC"  immerseil 

I     for  sixteen  (16)  hours  before  commencing  test 

i     inside  covers  of  canteens  "L,"  "Q,"  "K,"  "S" 

{     and  "T,"  also  "U,"  saturated — outside  covers 

dry  when  test  commenced.   A  fine  rain  prevailed 

during  the  entire  period,  eight  (8)  hours,  covered 

l)y  the  test. 


A 

A  A 

B 

C  C 

E 

L 

Q 

R  j  .S 

T  1  U 

46 

46 

46 

46 

46 

46 

46 

46  46 

46;  46 

46 

46 

46 

46 

46 

48 

.SO 

50  50 

4«  52 

46 

46 

46 

46 

46 

48 

48 

48  48 

4^  50 

46 

46 

46 

46 

46 

48 

48 

48  4>^ 

48  48 

46 

46 

4S 

48 

46 

48 

48 

48.  48 

46  48 

4S 

48 

48 

48 

48 

48 

48 

48,  4.S 

48  48 

44 

44 

46 

44 

44 

46 

46 

46  46 

46  46 

42 

42 

42 

42 

40 

42 

42 

42  42 

42,  42 

3« 

40 

40 

40 

38 

40 

40!  40  40 

40  40 

TEST  No.   77. 


Temperature  of  Water  in  Canteens. 

()ut>idc 

All  covers  wet. 

A 

A  A 

B 

c  c 

E 

L 

Q 

R 

s 

T 

u 

+32 

44 

44 

44 

44 

44 

44 

44 

44 

44 

44 

44 

32 

34 

34 

36 

36 

36 

36 

3« 

36 

3« 

36 

3^ 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

34 

32 

34 

34 

32 

32 

34 

36 

32 

32 

32 

32 

3b 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

3S 

32 

32 

34 

3b 

3« 

34 

32 

32 

32 

34 

34 

36 

32 

32 

32 

32 

3« 

34 

34 

32 

32 

34 

34 

36 

32 

32 

32 

32 

3« 

32 

34 

32 

32 

34 

32 

38 

32 

32 

32 

32 

3!^ 

34 

34 

32 

32 

32 

34 

36 

32 

32 

32 

32 

38 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

iiibTORV  or  Tin:  militakv  caxteex. 


^37 


The    followitig  data  and   specifications  regarding    Canteens    "AA," 
"BB,"  "CC,"  and  the  Lanz  Canteens  "Q"  and  "U"  are  given. 


«AA." 


"BB." 


"CC 


Lanz 
"Q.- 


Karls- 
ruhe. 
Lanz 
"U.» 


Weiglil  i)f  the  canteen,  empty,  covers 
on  anil  dry 

Weight  of  the  canteen,  tilled,  covers 
on  and  dry 

Weight  of  canteen,  filled,  covers  on 
after  ten  (lo)  minutes  immersion. . . 

Weight  of  the  canteen  flask,  em]ity,  nf 
covers  on 


Weight  of  water  in  canteen  flask    ... 

Wt.  of  the  duck,  or  canvas  cover,  dry 

Wt.  of  the  duck,  or  canvas  cover,  after 
ten  (to)  minutes  immersion 

Weight  of  the  water  absorbed  by  the 
canvas  cover 

Weight  of  the  Petersham,  felt,  or  inner 
cover,  dry 

Wi.  of  the  Petersham,  felt  or  inner  cov- 
er, after  ten(io)minutes  Immersion.. 

Wt.  uf  the  water  absorbed  by  the  Peter- 
sham, felt,  or  inner  cover 

Weight  of  the  canteen,  covers  on  and 
dry,  filter  in,  empty 

Weight  of  the  canteen,  filled,  covers  on 
and  dry,  filter  in 

Weight  of  the  canteen,  empty,  filter 
out,  covers  on  and  dry 

Wt.  of  the  canteen,  filled,  filter  in,  cov- 
ers on,  after  ten  (lo)  minutes  immer- 
sion   


Wt.  of  water  in  canteen,  filter  in. 


Wi.  of  water  in  canteen,  filter  out 

Weight  of  the  tin  flask,  empty,  no 
cover,  filter  out 

Wt.  of  filter,  including  soft  rubber  top. . 

Wt.  of  the  enameled  fla.sk,  empty,  no 
covers  on 

Wt.  of  duck,  <.r  canvas  cover,  and  felt 
combined,  dry 

Wt.  of  duck,  or  canvas  cover,  and  felt 
combined,  after  ten  (lo)  minutes  im- 
mersion   

Wt.  of  water  absorbed  by  felt  and  can- 
vas cover  combined 


I2i 

9h 

(44    ■ 

3i 


20 

64^  av 
74     av 


\  44i  av 
/  43     W 


19 
67^  av 

77h  av 


17 

61     av 

77i  av 


3i 
15 

7h 

6 
16 

59    av 
123 


64  av 

\  42  av 

I  40  fd 

(  46  av 

■(  45  fd 

9? 
3i 


8i 


i6i 


(  49     av;  \  44     av 

■(  45 i   fd;  '(  42I    fd 

3h      I      3i 

5i 

2 

3i 

i5i  i5i 


7i 

>9 
"1 


4i 
17 

I2h 


A  discrepancy  exists  in  comparing  the  gross  weight  of  a  canteen,  covers  on,  after 
immersion,  as  a  whole,  in  water  for  ten  (10)  minutes,  as  oppo.scd  to  the  result  obtained 
l)y  separately  immersing  and  then  weighing  sc]5arately,  the  components  of  the  canteen. 
This  difference  is  due  to  the  fact  that  the  felt  and  canvas  covers  take  up  'noro  water 
when  off  the  flask  of  the  canteen  than  they  do  when  on  the  flask. 

Illustratiou. — The  gross  weight  of  Canteen  "A  A,"  covers  on,  after  ten  (10)  nun- 
ules  immersion,  canteen  filled,  was  6^2  ounces,  while  the  aggregate  weight  of  same, 
separately  weighed,  after  saturalion  of  the  (■o\crs,  was  65 '4  ounces,  avoirduiiois, 


I  ^S  lll^^l()l<^     ol      Mil.    MII-IIAKN'    C.WTEliX. 

RECOMMENUATIONS.   ETC. 

It  is  reconi.ncmlcd  that  the  further  niamifaciure.  purcliase,  or 
issue,  of  the  present  service  canteen  cease,  and  that  it  be  replaced  by 
a  canteen  of  different  material,  construction  and  shape. 

That  all  canteens  of  the  present  regulation  patterns,  now  in 
Arsenals  or  Depots  of  the  U.  S.,  be  sold  as  unsuitable  for  the  public 
service,  after  proper  inspection  and  survey.  This  under  the  law  of 
23d  March,  1825,  upon  which  Sccticni  1,241,  Revised  Statutes,  is 
based. 

That  the  Lanz  method  of  covering-  be  adopted  for  the  tin  can- 
teen flasks  now  in  process  of  fabrication  at  the  Rock  Island  Arsenal. 
By  the  time  that  the  98,284  tin  flasks  now  there  have  corroded, — a 
better  material  may  be  decided  on.  Aluminum  is  cheapening  con- 
stantly. The  regulation  canteen  is  not  durable.  It  is  ])oor  econ<jmy 
to  continue  it  in  service.  The  opinion  and  estimate  of  the  man  Vv'ho 
carries  and  uses  the  canteen  is  preferable  to  the  opinion  or  estimate 
of  the  man  who  made  it.  Fidelity  to  the  welfare  of  the  former, 
rather  than  the  interests  of  the  latter,  prompts  the  recommenda- 
tion. The  Bidon  of  the  French  Army  is  said  to  have  been  deter- 
mined by  the  men-in-ranks.  Dr.  Nicholas  Senn,  of  532  Dearborn 
Avenue,  Chicago,  111.,  is  quoted  as  stating  that  the  regulation  can- 
teen invites  epidemics  l)y  sheltering  the  insidious  disease  germ. 
Further,  that  practical  tests  have  demonstrated  that  there  are  other 
canteens  having  merits  above  that  of  the  regulation  canteen.  Chang- 
ing the  material  of  the  flask  from  sheet  tin  to  enameled  ware  is  the 
application  of  a  false,  even  a  dangerous,  remedy.  \\'hen  a  soldier 
raises  a  canteen  to  his  mouth  for  the  purpose  of  taking  a  drink,  his 
lips  embrace  the  rim  of  the  neck  of  the  flask  so  that  the  turned 
edges  of  the  nozzle  will  come  inside  of  his  mouth.  The  lips  of  the 
drinker  should  not  touch  the  fabric  from  which  the  cover  of  the 
canteen  is  made. 

If  the  present  pattern  of  canteen  be  retained,  it  is  recommended 
that  an  openable  outer  cover  of  textile  fabric  be  adopted  instead  of 
an  outer  cover  fastened  round  the  edges :  further,  that  the  inner 
cover  now  in  use  be  replaced  by  a  cover  of  all-wool  felt  of  at  least 
three  times  the  weight,  in  ounces,  of  the  present  inner  covering. 

When  an  openable  cover  is  laced  up  over  the  moistened  felt, 
evaporation  is  retarded  when  the  temperature  of  the  atmosphere 
is  considerably  above  temperate — and  the  fluid  contents  of  the 
canteens  thus  kept  at  a  palatable  temperature  for  the  soldier's  use. 
The  jihysical  principle  involved  is  manifest. 

It  is  also  evident  that  when  the  temperature  of  the' atmosphere 


IIISTUKV    Ul"    Till-:    -MILITAKV    CAXTEEX.  I39 

is  considera1:)ly  below  temperate,  a  canteen  flask  covered  as  recom- 
mended,— inner  felt  not  being-  moistened. — will  kecj)  its  contents 
at  a  i)alatable  temperature  for  the  soldier's  use  longer  than  if  the 
])resent  pattern  and  material  of  canteen  coverings  are  retained  in  the 
service. 

The  niudern  canteen  is  not  of  circular,  but  of  o\al,  gourd,  oblong' 
bottle,  or  flask,  shape.  It  is  recommended  that  one  of  these  shapes 
be  adopted  for  the  l\  S.  Army  conteen  llask ;  also  that  the  side  of 
llie  flask  that  is  next  the  body  be  flattened  or  slightlv  concaved, 
the  other  side  being  convex.  I  am  of  the  opinion  that  the  inner 
cover. — that  is,  the  one  superimposed  upon  the  flask, — should  be 
of  absorbent  material.  Inn-ther.  that  the  lacing-  method  for  the 
outer  cover,  extending  partly  around  the  edges  of  the  llask,  is 
durable  as  well  as  simple. 

Destructive  criticism  is  of  no  value  in  1)ringing  aliout  the  solu- 
tion of  a  problem.  Certain  existing  facts  in  regard  to  llie  present 
service  canteen  have  been  stated.  The  settlement,  remedy,  and 
alternative,  is  commonplace  and  feasible.  It  consists  in  retiring  the 
])resent  regulation  canteen  issued  to  the  Army,  and  adopting,  in 
lieu,  the  Lanz  Canteen. 

Perhaps  some  one  else  will  tlevise  a  better  one;  no  one  has,  as 
_\et.  done  so.  or  submitted  a  canteen  which  fulfills  so  manv  of  the 
required  qualifications  of  rational  sense  and  principle  desired  in  a 
canteen,  as  the  Lanz  Canteen  Company,  of  Chicago,  111.  The  U.  S. 
Army  should  have  the  best  that  is  offered.  The  Department  having 
in  charge  the  selection  and  issue  of  canteens  should  be  in  sympa- 
thetic touch  with  outside  developments. 

An  objection  advanced  against  the  use  of  the  Lanz  Canteen  is 
that  the  inner  cover  of  all-wool  felt  will  attract  moths,  and  Govern- 
ment property  thus  be  eaten  up.  Equally  purile  is  the  objection  that 
as  the  imier  cover  of  the  Lanz  Canteen  is  thicker  in  substance  than 
the  ])resent  regulation  imier  covers,  it  will  soak  up  more  water  and 
thu's  increase  the  weight  that  the  soldier  has  to  carry  ; — of  course, 
it  will.  The  inner  cover  has  functions;  one  function  is  to  absorb 
several  ounces  of  water  in  warm  weather,  when  immersed.  I  nused 
idle  canteen  jackets  of  wool-felt  may  be  eaten  l)y  moths  if  not  pro- 
tected just  as  storekeepers  ])rotect  furs  and  woolens.  Omelets 
cannot  be  made  imless  eggs  l)e  broken.  Practical  soldiers  in  the 
field  would  not  object  to  a  few  ounces  increased  weight  caused  by 
the  al)sorbent  capacit}-  of  the  felt  covering,  in  \-iew  of  the  gain  in 
palatableness  of  the  fluid   within   caused  by   the   soaked   cover  and 


140 


UlSTUKV    Ol-    Tlii:    MIl.ITAKV    CAXTliliX. 


iy  tht  Z.u/rx  rrrt6hod,  doulle  cci/tr^  fe/t  and  canuai 
Cauaoty    ■f'^oi.;  neiyit    /6 OX  . 


Sca/c:  /3 


•^rreiii  ■5/1CH'  /''''ere  /eokotft  lefa 


o 


fiask,  circu/ar,  ftc  cot/er.  M?  aolder 
said  to  ie  used,.  CanajCty,  /6  oz.., 
tft.  3 'A  OZ. 


Tiavmond'^  Goitloi  Aluminum  Canteen . 
Sii^/e  ^(t  coter.  Capacity.  S9ci.  ftteox. 


lIlSTOin-    OF    THE    MILITARY    CAXTEEX.  I4I 

succeeding  retarded  e\apuraliuii  secured  liy  the  outer  camas  cover, 
in  an  arid  region  or  on  a  sweltering  day. 

Believing  that  the  canteen  which  most  eft'ectually  performs  its 
functions,  viz. :  to  carry  and  preserve  the  temperature  of  the  fluid  it 
contains,  either  in  hot  or  cold  weather,  to  he  the  best  for  the  mil- 
itar\-  service,  I  recommend  the  Lanz  Canteen  as  best  fulfilling  these 
requisites. 

The  new  Lanz  Canteen  is  of  aluminum,  one  piece,  oblong  shape, 
one  face  concave,  opposite  side  convex,  covered  with  4-8  inch  all- 
wool  felt;  openalile  (3  piece)  outer  cover;  has  strap  with  rings  in 
end  to  go  round  the  flask  and  cover,  through  loops  in  latter. 

The  new  Lanz  Canteen  is  an  ounce  or  so  heavier,  dry,  and  ab- 
sorbs much  more  water  than  the  government  canteen.  The  remov- 
able canvas  cover  permits  rapid  saturation  of  the  felt  covering,  when 
immersed,  saturation  being  eft'ected  in  a  very  few  minutes.  A  Gov- 
ernment canteen,  which  had  been  used,  absorbed  only  one  oimce  of 
water  in  ten  minutes,  while  the  loose  felt  covering  showed  a  capacity 
to  absorb  five  ounces.  Twelve  hours'  immersion  of  this  canteen 
caused  it  to  absorb  only  four  otinces.  The  fixed  canvas  covering 
prevents  access  of  w^ater  to  the  felt.  The  felt  not  being  saturated 
loses  its  small  amount  of  moisture  comparatively  soon  and  with  the 
passing  of  evaporation  the  contents  of  the  canteen  soon  become 
warm. 

The  Lanz  Canteen  absorbs  its  water  quickly  and  its  canvas  cover 
placed  dry  over  the  wet  felt  retards  evaporation  and  keeps  the  con- 
tents cool  for  a  much  longer  period  than  the  regulation  canteen. 
Further,  trials  have  proven  that  the  Lanz  Canteen  will  keep  fluid 
at  a  palatable  temperature  in  an  Arctic  region  longer  than  the  'L\  S. 
canteen  will.  The  flask  of  the  Lanz  Canteen  is  lighter  than  the 
v.  S.  canteen  and  holds  more  water ;  further,  the  opcnablc  cover  of 
the  Lanz  Canteen  is  as  enduring  as  the  U.  S.  cover,  and  possesses 
advantages  that  the  U.  S.  cover  does  not  possess. 

The  shape  of  the  Lanz  Canteen  is  considered  an  advantage  by 
officers  and  men  who  have  had  field  experience  and  who  have 
tried  it. 

Attention  is  invited  to  draw-ings  of  six  aluminum  flasks,  divested 
of  their  coverings,  kept  for  sale  by  Mr.  Lanz.  Their  capacities  vary 
from  9-100  to  1.7  liter;  none  are  circular  in  shape;  all  arc  oval;  all 
are  concave  on  one  side,  the  opposite  side  being  convex ;  some  arc 
dull  finish — lusterless — some  are  polished  ;  some  have  flat  bottoms, — 
these  last  can  stand  up;  some  have  drinking  cups;  some  of  the  tops 
are  screw  tops. 


I   |j  lllSroKN'    0|-     llli;     M  11.1  TARN'    C  \  XTIIICN. 

My  slalcinciUs,  oiJiniuiis  and  rccoinnKiidalidiis  rcii^arding  caii- 
Uiiis  have  been  l)ascd  upon  uriij^iiial  lest  or  fxamination,  and  mA 
upon  coninuinicatcd  infurniatiun. 

.\s  regards  the  Lanz  method  of  insulating-  canteens,  ni)  pre- 
possessions were  favoral)le.  because  the  system  seemed  a  common- 
sense  one  and  the  methods  rational.  Neither  theory  or  bias,  how- 
ever, influenced  my  investigations  nor  my  recommendations. 

T  did  not  accept  the  claims,  tests,  or  results,  or  conclusions  of  any 
manufacturers  of  canteens,  or  material  for  canteens,  or  the  com- 
])onents  of  canteens.     I  made  my  own  tests. 

The  methods  of  tests  and  manner  of  making  experiments  ar.: 
described  on  p.  77. 

Fluid  versus  Avoirdupois,  Measurement — It  has  been  assumed 
throughout  this  monograph,  that  455  and  7-10  grains  constituted 
the  fluid  ounce,  which  is  18  and  2-10  in  excess  of  an  ounce  avoirdu- 
pois. Manufacturers  often  state  that  the  capacity  of  a  flask  is 
so-and-so  many  ounces,  meaning  ounces  avoirdupois,  not  liquitl 
measu.re. 


Tinning  and  Retinning  Sheet  Steel  Used  in  Making  Canteen 

Flasks — Description  of  the  Processes  of  Tinning  and 

"OF  Retinning  Malleable  Iron  and  Steel  Plate. 

The  specifications  for  the  regulation  army  canteen  itemize  that 
it  shall  be  "made  of  XXXX  tin,  circular  in  shape,  7  and  \  inches 
in  diameter,  sides  oval  and  smooth,  thickness  through,  three  (3) 
inches",  etc. 

As  the  Ordnance  Department  has,  for  more  than  a  generation, 
been  making,  or  contracting  for  the  making  of  canteen  flasks  "of 
XXXX  tin",  no  treatise  or  monograph  about  military  canteen  is 
complete  unaccompanied  by  a  reference  to  sheet  metal  goods  (  r 
articles  of  iron  or  steel  coated  with  tin. 

The  coating  of  articles  of  iron  and  steel  ware  with  zinc,  or,  as  the 
process  is  generally  known,  "galvanizing"  them,  as  a  means  of 
retarding  oxidaticm  and  for  other  reasons,  is  an  industry  about 
which  there  is  no  mystery. 

The  tinning  of  malleable  iron,  or  of  steel,  is  an  easy  process  to 
master.  The  price  of  the  metal  used  to  tin  articles  makes  the  cost 
of  the  material  more  than  the  labor  cost. 

The  tinning  of  sheet  steel,  such  as  is  used  in  making  canteens 
and  the  retinning  of  tin  ware,  are  special  processes. 

It  is  understood  that  the  terms  "X",  or  "XX".  or  "XXX",  or 


HISTORY    Ol"    Tin-:    MIIJTARV    CAXTEEX.  T43 

"XXXX"  tin,  as  applied  to  sheet  tin,  refer  to  the  iliickne.>s  ol  ilie 
metal  pins  its  tin  coating. 

Fnrthcr,  that  four  cross  tin,  or  "XXXX"  tin,  is  a  sheet  of  tinned 
steel  plate,  thicker  than  three  cross  tin,  "XXX"  tin,  that  has  been 
pickled,  cleaned,  inniiersed ;  first  in  a  bath  of  molten  tin;  second, 
into  a  bath  of  hot  tallow,  or  oil ;  third,  passed,  while  the  tin  is  still 
melted,  through  steel  rollers  running  in  the  hot  oil,  that  strip  off 
all  superfluous  tin,  leaving  a  thin,  smooth,  coating. 

The  tinplate  used  in  making  the  regulation  canteens  that  I  have 
tested,  has  a  coating  of  tin  of  about  three  (3)  pounds  to  the  box  of 
112  sheets  of  14  x  20,  or,  say,  .0138  pounds  per  square  foot,  two 
sides. 

The  best  grade  of  tinplate  made  by  the  American  Tinplate  Com- 
pany is  known  as  "AAAA  Charcoal",  and  has  a  coating  of  five  (5) 
pounds  to  the  box,  or  .023  pounds  per  square  foot. 

Either  of  these  coatings  is  very  light,  and  the  action  of  the  dies 
in  drawing  or  stamping  the  canteen  sides  into  shape  injures  the 
surface  to  some  extent  and  has  a  tendency  to  make  it  porous,  thus 
causing  the  steel  plate  to  soon  rust  through  the  coating  of  tin. 

The  Lanz  Manufacturing  Co.,  of  Chicago,  claims  that  the  proper 
way  to  make  tin  canteens  is  to  retin  them  by  the  process  employed 
on  all  fine  stamped  tinware ;  that  is,  to  retin  the  sides  of  the  canteen 
after  thev  have  been  stamped  into  shape  and  before  the  sides  have 
been  soldered  around  the  edges. 

The  process  of  retinning  differs  from  the  process  of  tinning  the 
plate  above  outlined,  and  is  as  follows.     No  pickling  is  required. 

In  retinning  the  article  is  dipped  by  hand :  first,  into  hot  beef 
tallow  or  palm  oil ;  second,  into  molten  tin  ;  third,  it  is  drawn  l\v 
hand  through  a  pot  of  hot  oil  which  gives  a  smooth,  bright  surface 
but  does  not  remove  the  tin  as  do  the  rollers  in  making  the  plate. 
After  the  tin  has  "set,"  the  article  is  hand  rubbed  in  flour. 

The  coating  left  on  the  plate  is  equal  to  about  45  pounds  to  the 
1,000  square  feet,  or  .045  pounds  per  square  foot,  or  nearly  three 
times  as  much  tin  as  is  found  on  the  surface  of  the  average  regula- 
tion canteen. 

This  retinning  process,  or  Lanz  method,  of  making  canteens  pro- 
duces more  durable  ones,  hence  more  desirable  ones,  than  the  tin- 
ning method.  They  should  last  three  to  four  times  as  long  as  the 
regulation  canteen  now  issued  by  the  military  establishment.  They 
cost  somewhat  more,  but  are  worth  more. 

The  Lanz  Manufacturing  Co.  also  suggests,  in  addition  to  retin- 
ning the  flask,  that  cither  a  small  piece  of  zinc  be  soldered  to  the 


144  iiisTuKv  oi   Tin:  military  canteen. 

insidi",  or  thai  llic  nozzle  of  llic  canteen  be  made  of  zinc, — as  it  is 
a  well  known  fact  that  zinc  and  tin  plate,  soldered  together,  cause 
a  slight  galvanic  action,  which  seems  to  i)revent  oxidation  to  some 
I  xteiil. 

If  anv  kind  of  tin  canteen  is  retained  in  service,  the  advantages 
to  be  gained  by  the  adojHion  l)y  the  U.  S.  of  the  Lanz  method  are 
unquestionable.  Such  is  accordingly  recommended,  coupled  with 
the  further  suggestion  that  this  statement  be  referred  to  the  Board 
of  Ordnance.   Fortificatitm   and   Equi]iment,  and   also  to  the  Chief 

of  (  )rdnance,  1.'.  S.  A. 

I  have  inspected  creamery,  also  cheese  factory,  appliances  and 
dairy  utensils  at  316  Robert  St.,  St.  Paul,  Alinn.,  and  elsewhere, 
made  of  XXXX  Charcoal  tin,  retinned  after  they  had  been  stamped 
into  shape  by  the  process  observed  by  Mr.  Lanz. 

Some  of  these  utensils,  milk  cans,  separators,  and  other  appli- 
ances had  been  in,  use  for  several  years  and  subjected  to  very  much 
the  same  kind  of  banging  round  that  a  soldier  gives  his  canteen, 
but,  in  general,  they  showed  only  slight  traces  of  rust,  even  in  milk 
vats  submerged  in  moving  water. 

The  dififerent  processes  of  the  coating  of  sheet  metal  goods  and 
articles  of  iron  and  steel  with  zinc — "galvanizing" — them ;  also  of 
tinning  malleable  iron,  wrought  iron,  and  steel;  also  of  retinning  the 
latter ;  in  other  words,  the  methods  of  coating  with  zinc  and  tin  by 
immersion,  are  described  and  explained  by  W.  T.  Flanders,  of 
Nashua,  N.  H.,  in  a  practical  treatise,  edition  1900,  published  li\' 
David  Williams  Co.,  232-8  William  St.,  X".  Y.  No  description  is 
known  to  me  of  processes  of  covering  thin  plates  with  aluminum 
of  tin.  The  difficulties  of  a  reliable  solder  would  not  appear  to 
apply  to  such.  If  a  tenacious  coat  of  tin  could  be  applied  to  a  thin 
sheet  of  alumimmi  of  requisite  strength,  durability,  etc.,  the  sheets 
of  the  latter  so  coated  can  l)e  joined  as  securely  as  in  the  present 
regulation  tin  canteen. — it  might  be  an  improvment  upon  the  present 
service  canteen. 

In  a  recent  communication  received  from  the  X"cw  Jersey  Alumi- 
num Company,  of  Newark,  N.  ].,  the  firm  states:  "We  are  for- 
warding you  today  by  express  two  canteens  made  of  aluminum,  and 
all  one  piece,  there  being  no  seam  or  solder  used.  You  will  also 
observe  that  we  have  covered  these  in  a  crude  \\ay  with  felt,  since 
you  advocate  not  sending  them  naked.  Our  principal  object  now 
is  to  find  out  whether  we  have  made  a  canteen  that  will  stand  the  test 
such  as  you  are  liable  to  give  it  and  as  to  whether  we  have  caught 
.your  idea  as  to  shape.  These  which  we  sent  vou  would  be  the  most 


HISTORY    OF    THE    MILITARY    CAXTEEX.  I45 

convenient  to  make.  What  wc  arc  after  principally  now  is  to  rind 
out  whether  we  have  made  a  canteen  that  will  stand  the  test.  We 
can  readily  make  improvements  as  to  covering  and  stoppers  later  on. 
We  have  spent  some  little  money  to  produce  these  two  samples  and 
we  sincerely  hope  that  they  will  meet  all  requirements.  We  would 
thank  you  to  acknowledge  receipt  and  inform  us  later  what  the 
results  are." 

The  Indian  Aluminum  Company.  Limited,  Manufacturers  and 
Importers  of  Aluminum  Ware,  ]\I(3unt  Road,  Aladras,  British  India, 
write  as  follows : 

"We  have  read  your  letter  in  the  Aluminum  World  of  February, 
1901,  and  as  there  appears  to  be  a  reluctancy  in  coming  forward  on 
the  part  of  some  of  the  American  manufacturers,  we  beg  to  for- 
ward you  a  sample  of  our  2-pint  aluminum  water  bottle.  We  manu- 
facture many  patterns  of  different  sizes,  but  this  is  a  pattern  which 
we  have  supplied  many  regiments  in  India.  It  is  made  out  of  one 
single  piece  of  aluminum,  without  seams  of  any  kind  whatsoever, 
nor  is  it  spun  or  pressed  as  in  the  case  of  the  water  bottle  of  German 
manufacture.  We  have  entirely  superseded  the  German  manufac- 
ture of  water  bottles  in  India,  and  many  officers  have  reported  most 
favorably  on  the  water  bottles  that  we  have  supplied  their  regiments 
with. 

"We  regret  to  state  that  wc  do  not  quite  understand  your  method 
of  testing,  but  if  you  will  be  good  enough  to  point  out  any  flaws  in 
the  sample  sent  you,  we  would  esteem  it  a  favor  and  be  quite  pre- 
l^ared  to  remedy  the  defect  in  our  future  supply. 

"We  have  made  these  bottles  on  one  or  two  occasions  of  a  size 
large  enough  to  contain  a  gallon. 

The  Indian  water  bottle  appears  to  be  shaped  like  one  of  the 
cork  sections  of  a  life  preserver  belt.  One  face  is  concave,  so  as  to 
fit  close  to  the  body.  The  outer  face  is  convex.  Ends  are  rounded. 
Top  has  four  ventilating  eyelets.  The  whole  is  covered  with  felt,  or 
felted  cloth,  the  thickness  and  weight  of  which  are  not  described. 
It  is  not  stated  whether  or  not  there  is  an  inner  cover  or  any  sub- 
stance between  the  felted  cloth  and  the  flask.  It  is  provided  with  a 
carbine  hook.  See  cuts  No.  loi-b,  102-c.  It  would  be  improved  by 
the  addition  of  an  openable  canvas  cover  over  the  felt  to  retard  evap- 
oration in  hot  weather.  One  pattern  has  a  carry  strap  about  its  mid- 
dle, buttoned  by  overlapping  on  the  outside.  Another  pattern  has  a 
leather  carry  strap  extending  over  its  edges,  also  under  the  bottom. 
The  strap  is  held  in  place  by  four  leather  loops,  the  latter  being 
stitched  to  the  felted  cloth  cover. 


I^r")  IIISTOKV    OK    TJIIC    MILITARY    CANTEEN. 

riic  N\'\v  Jersey  Aluminum  Co.,  Newark,  N.  J.,  manifests  activ- 
U\  and  suhniils  two  oblong-shaped  aluminum  canteens,  differing 
only  in  capacity,  of  its  most  recent  manufacture.  No  seams  or 
soliicr  said  to  be  used.  Method  of  construction  is  not  explained. 
In  this  report  they  are  designated  "MM"'  and  "NN"  respectively. 

Canteen  "MM" — Weight  of  naked  flask,  9  and  ]  ounces;  capac- 
ity 42  Ihiid  ounces.  Weight,  filled,  cover  on  and  dry,  56  ounces, 
ax'oirdnpois. 

Canteen  "NN" — Weight  of  naked  llask,  7  and  .{  ounces;  capac- 
it\-,  38  and  !,  Ihiid  ounces.  Weight,  empty,  dry  cover  on,  cork  in, 
8  and  .}  ounces,  avoirdupois.  Weight,  filled,  cover  dry,  49  ounces, 
avoirdupois.  • 

Koth  have  removable  single  felt  covers,  laced  up  on  one  side 
onlv,  Lanz  method ;  high  collar. 


Board  of  Ordnance,  Fortification  and  Equipment. 

It  is  submitted  that  the  reports  regarding  canteens  and  the  tests 
made  thereof  by  me  have  shown:  1st.  The  advantages  and  disad- 
vantages of  the  Lanz  Canteen  and  cover  system  as  compared  with 
the  Regulation  Canteen.  2d.  The  advantages  and  disadvantages 
of  the  Lanz  Canteen  system  as  compared  with  other  canteens  differ- 
ing from  it  in  material,  construction,  or  shape.  3d.  The  suitability 
of  the  Lanz  Canteen  for  the  use  of  troops  in  campaign,  in  the  field, 
or  on  the  march. 

If  the  selection  of  a  canteen  rested  with  troops  inured  to  tropical 
service,  it  is  believed  that  they  would  choose  the  Lanz  in  preference 
to  the  Regulation  Canteen  or  to  any  experimental  canteen  now 
under  consideration. 

There  are  certain  obstinate  facts  hard  to  ignore.  One  is  ex- 
pressed tersely  and  comprehensively  by  Captain  Alfred  E.  Bradley, 
Asst.  Surgeon,  Medical  Dept.,  U.  S.  A.,  after  a  series  of  tests  made 
at  Fort  Snelling,  Minn.,  of  the  Regulation  Canteen  versus  the  Lanz 
Canteen.  He  writes:  "The  outer  cover  of  the  Regulation  Canteen 
prevents  the  access  of  water  to  the  felt.  The  felt,  not  being  satur- 
ated, loses  its  small  amount  of  water  comparatively  soon,  and,  with 
the  passing  of  evaporation,  the  contents  of  the  canteen  soon  become 
warm.  The  Lanz  Canteen  absorbs  its  water  quickly,  and  its  canvas 
cover,  placed  dry  over  the  wet  felt,  retards  evaporation  and  keeps 
the  contents  cool  for  a  much  longer  period." 

This  statement  of  fact  is,  in  a  nutshell,  a  substantiation  of  the 
majority  of  the  claims  of  the  Lanz  Canteen. 


HISTORY    OF    THE    MILITARY    CANTEEN. 


147 


Success  means  the  displacement  of  somebody,  or  something-,  or 
the  survival  of  the  strongest.  Naturally,  the  Department  charged 
with  the  manufacture  and  issue  of  canteens  wants  to  continue  to 
make  the  same.  It  follows  that  tests  and  experiments  with  a  device 
originating  with  any  inventor  should  be  conducted  along  lines  of 
the  Department  rather  than  those  formulated  by  the  inventor  as 
essential  in  order  to  demonstrate  the  superiority  of  his  device. 

The  Board  of  Ordnance,  Fortification  and  Equipment  is  not  cir- 
cumstanced to  conduct  canteen  tests  in  anything  like  the  manner  in 
which  they  would  be  tested  by  a  soldier  in  the  ranks  in  campaign 
time,  in  any  climate,  hot  or  cold. 

The  Board  measurably  relies  upon  tests,  experiments,  etc.,  made 
by  those  whose  facilities,  environments  and  opportunities  enable 
them  to  do  detail  work. 

It  i§  recommended  that  the  tests,  experiments  and  recommenda- 
tions regarding  the  Regulation  Canteen  z'crsiis  the  Lanz  Canteen, 
and  other  canteens  presented  for  use  in  the  military  service,  or 
reported  by  the  Inspector  General,  Dept.  of  Dakota,  on  dates  in 
September,  October  and  November,  1900,  and  transmitted  to  the 
Inspector  General  of  the  Army,  through  official  channels,  be  referred 
for  the  consideration  of  the  Board  of  Ordnance,  Fortification  and 
Equipment. 

TEST  No.  78. 


7-35  -1 

8.35  ' 

9-35  ' 

10-35  ' 

n-35  ^ 

12-35  V 

>-35  ' 

2-35  ' 

3-35  ' 

4-35  ' 


OutsiJe 
Temperature. 


-52 
56 
62 

66 
66 

72 
72 
66 
66 
64 


Temperature  of  Water  in  Canteens. 


Each  canteen  was  full.  All  covers  were  dry.  AUofthe 
canteens  were  suspended  from  a  trestle  so  that  free 
circulation  prevailed. 


A  A 

94 
82 
76 
72 
70 
70 

74 
70 
68 
66 


c  c 

94 
84 

7S 
76 

74 
74 
70 

74 
70 
68 


94  94 

92  86 

86|  80 

82  76 

80  76 

So  74 

74  74 

76  72 

72  72 

70I  68 


U 

94 
86 

80 
78 
76 

74 
74 
74 
70 
70 


148 


11I.ST()K\    i)l'     lllli    MII.ITARV    CANTEEN. 
TEST  No.  7'J. 


7.40  a 

8.40    ' 

9.40    ' 
to.40     ' 
11.40 
12.40  p 

1.40    ' 

2.40 

3- 40 

4.40 


Outside 
'I'emperature. 


^64 

66 
68 
72 
74 

7^ 
78 
86 
82 
74 


Temperature  of  Water  in  Canteens 


Each  canteen  was  full.  All  covers  were  dry.  AUoflhe 
canteens  were  laid  on  a  stone  (granite)w;indow  sill,  in 
the  sun,  and  remained  s'o exposed  for  nine  (9)  hours. 

S 


A  A 

60 
64 
64 
68 

72 

74 
76 

78 
80 
80 


c  c 

60 
62 
62 

64 

68 
70 

74 
76 

78 
78 


£ 


H 


60  60 


66 

62 

66 

62 

70 

64 

74 

66 

76 

68 

80 

70 

82 

72 

80 

72 

78 

72 

T  I  U 

60  60 

62  62 

64  64 

66  66 

68  68 

72  72 

74  76 

76  78 

78  78 

80  78 


TEST  No.  SO. 


Hour. 


7-35  ^' 

8.35  ' 

9-35  ' 

10.35  ' 

11-35  ' 

12.35  P 

1-35  ' 

2-35  ' 

3-35 

4-35  ' 


Outside 
Temperature. 


f66 

76 

78 
78 
80 
78 
72 
72 
72 


Temperature  of  Water  in  Canteens. 


Each  canteen  was  full.     All  felt  covers  were  wet.     Can- 
vas covers  were  not  immersed. 


AAA     B     C  C 


50    50 

58     56 

62     58 


5o|  SO 
561  58 
60  62 
60  62 
60!  62 
62  62 
62  62 
62  62 
60  60 
60  60 


TEST  No.  81. 


Temperature  of  Water  in  Canteens. 


Outside 
Temperature. 


+72 
82 
84 
84 

So 


84 
74 
74 
74 


Each  canteen  \vas  filled.  All  felt,  or  other  covers  were  wet. 
The  canteens  were  suspended  from  a  trestle  placed  on  the 
L  of  the  Army  Building,  St.  Paul,  Minn.  Not  in  con- 
act.     Kree  circulation  of  air  prevailed. 


A 

A  A 

B 

c  c 

E 

H 

L 

M.M 

Q 

R 

S 

T 

U 

46 

46 

46 

46 

46 

46 

46 

46 

46 

46 

46 

46 

46 

64 

60 

S8 

60 

64 

54 

60 

64 

58 

58 

60 

60 

60 

66 

64 

64 

66 

74 

58 

64 

66 

62 

62 

64 

62 

64 

64 

64 

64 

66 

78 

60 

64 

66 

64 

64 

62 

62 

64 

62 

62 

62 

62 

76 

62 

62 

64 

60 

62 

60 

62 

62 

68 

60 

60 

62 

78 

64 

62 

64 

62 

62 

60 

60 

62 

72 

62 

62 

60 

82 

64 

64 

66 

60 

62 

60 

60 

62 

78 

64 

62 

60 

78 

64 

64 

66 

60 

60 

60 

60 

60 

76 

62 

60 

60 

74 

64 

64 

68 

58 

60 

60 

60 

60 

74 

58 

58 

63 

74 

62 

68 

68 

58 

60 

60 

58 

60 

HISTORY    OF    THE    .MILITARY    CANTEEN. 
TEST  No.   82. 


149 


Outside 
Temperature. 


+68 

72 
76 
7^ 
80 
82 


84 
82 
80 


Temperature  of  Water  in  Canteens. 


Each  canteen  was  fillej.  Canteens  "A"— Regulation— and 
"y,"  also  "R"  and  "S"^Lanz — liad  dry  covers.  All 
other  canteens  were  immersed  for  ten  (10)  minutes.  Open- 
able  canvas  covers  Were  not  iinniersed.  All  of  the  can- 
teens were  laid  on  a  stone  (granite)  window  sill  in  ihe  sun 

_and  remained  so  exposed  for  nine  (9)  hours. 


48 
58 
64 
72 

7S 
82 
84 

86 
86 


AA  B 

c  c 

E 

H 

L 

MM 

Q 

R 

s 

T 

u 

48'  48 

48 

48 

48 

48 

48 

48 

48 

48 

48 

48 

58  5t> 

5« 

64 

.S6 

S6 

S8 

S2 

S4 

S4 

S6 

S6 

60  60 

60 

72 

S^ 

60 

62 

S6 

S8 

S6 

60 

S8 

64  62 

62 

7« 

s« 

62 

64 

60 

62 

62 

62 

62 

66  66 

64 

80 

60 

66 

68 

64 

66 

66 

66 

64 

70  68 

66 

84 

64 

70 

72 

68 

70 

70 

68 

68 

74  68 

68 

86 

64 

76 

7« 

72 

74 

72 

70 

70 

78  72 

72 

86 

66 

80 

82 

76 

76 

74 

72 

70 

82  72 

76 

86 

68 

82 

86 

78 

76 

76 

72 

70 

84'  74 

76 

«4 

68 

S2 

84 

80 

76 

76 

70 

70 

TEST  No.  S3. 


7-45 
8.45 
9-45 
10.45 
11-45 
12.45 

1-45 
2.45 

3-45 


Outside 
Temperature. 


+70 
80 


78 


8S 
78 


Temperature  of  Water  in  (.'anteens. 


Each  canteen  wa^  filled.  All  canteens  were  immersed 
for  ten  (10)  mniutes.  Removable  canvas  covers  were 
not  immersed.  All  of  the  canteens  were  suspended 
from  a  trestle  placed  in  the  sun  on  the  roof  of  the  Army 
Hullding,  St.  Paul,  and  remained  so  exposed  foreieht 
(8)  hours. 


A 

A  A 

B 

.SO 

c  c 

so 

E  1  L 

50'  50 

MM 
SO 

Q 

SO 

SO 

s 
so 

.SO 

50 

62 

62 

62 

62 

66  62 

62 

62 

S8 

62 

64 

64 

64 

64 

70  64 

64 

64 

62 

64 

66 

66 

66 

64 

76 1  66 

66 

64 

62 

66 

68 

66 

66 

66 

80  i  66 

68 

68 

66 

66 

70 

68 

68 

66 

S61  70 

70 

68 

68 

68 

74 

70 

68 

68 

86  70 

70 

70 

70 

68 

78 

68 

68 

66 

84  70 

70 

68 

70 

68 

78 

66 

64 

62 

80  70 

66 

64 

68 

64 

50  50 

62  60 

64  62 

66  64 

68  66 

70  63 

68  68 

68  68 

64  62 


TEST  No.   84. 


Hour 


Temperature  of  Water  in  Canteens. 


All  of  the  canteens  were  filled.  Each  canteen  was  im- 
mersed for  ten  (10)  minutes.  Openable  canvas  covers 
were  not  immersed  All  of  the  canteens  were  then  laid 
on  a  stone  (granite)  window  si  II  in  the  sun,  on  the  roof 
of  the  Army  Building,  St.  Paul,  Minn.,  and  remained 
so  exposed  for  nine  (9)  hours. 


A 

.\  A 

B 

c  c 

E 

L 

MM 

Q 

R 

s 

T 

50 

.SO 

50 

50 

SO 

SO 

SO 

SO 

SO 

so 

SO 

62 

60 

60 

60 

64 

60 

62 

S8 

S8 

S6 

S8 

68 

66 

64 

64 

72 

64 

66 

62 

62 

62 

64 

72 

70 

70 

68 

82 

68 

72 

66 

66 

66 

68 

72 

70 

70 

70 

88 

70 

74 

68 

70 

68 

70 

76 

72 

72 

70 

92 

74 

76 

72 

74 

72 

72 

80 

72 

70 

70 

86 

76 

76 

72 

74 

72 

70 

82 

74 

72 

72 

86 

78 

78 

72 

74 

72 

72 

84 

76 

72 

72 

86 

80 

80 

74 

76 

74 

72 

84 

78 

72 

72 

84 

80 

82 

74 

76 

74 

72 

u 


50 

58 

62 

66 
68 
70 
70 
72 
72 
72 


ISO 


HISTORY   OF  Tin-:    MILITARY   CANTEEN. 
TEST  No.   85. 


Outside 
Temperature 


+80 

86 
92 

94 
100 
100 
100 
100 
92 
90 


Temperature  of  Water  in  Canteens. 


All  of  the  canleeus  were  filled.  Each  canteen  was  im- 
mersed for  ten  ( 10)  minutes.  Openable  canvas  covers 
were  not  immersed.  All  of  the  canteens  were  then 
suspended  from  a  trestle  in  the  sun,  exposed  on  the 
roof  of  the  1.  of  Army  P.uilding,  St.  Haul,  Minn. 


A 

A  A 

B 

c  c 

E 

L 

MM 
SO 

Q 
SO 

R 
50 

s 
SO 

T 

SO 

SO 

SO 

SO 

.SO 

.SO 

SO 

6S 

64 

66 

64 

68 

66 

66 

62 

60 

60 

64 

70 

68 

70 

68 

80 

70 

70 

66 

64 

66 

68 

72 

70 

72 

72 

8b 

72 

72 

70 

68 

70 

70 

74 

72 

72 

72 

88 

74 

74 

72 

70 

74 

72 

S2 

72 

76 

72 

94 

7« 

74 

74 

76 

76 

72 

qo 

7« 

76 

72 

q8 

82 

7« 

74 

76 

76 

74 

P4 

82 

7« 

74 

100 

90 

84 

76 

80 

80 

76 

q8 

86 

76 

74 

102 

92 

88 

80 

82 

80 

76 

98 

90 

7H 

74 

100 

94 

90 

7^ 

82 

80 

74 

u 

50 
62 

66 
70 

72 

74 
76 
78 
80 
78 


TEST  No.   86. 


7-45  ^ 
8-45 
9-45 
10.45 

11.45  ' 

12.45  P 

1-45  ' 

2-45 

3-45  ' 

4-45  ' 


Temperature  of  Water  in  Canteens. 


Outside 
Temperature. 

Conditions  :  Same  as  in  preced  ing  Test — No.  85. 

A 

A  A 

B 

c  c 

48 

E 
48 

48 

MM 

^8 

^8 

R 

48 

s 
"48 

T 

48 

U 

+86 

48 

48 

48 

48 

90 

68 

66 

66 

68 

70 

68 

68 

64 

60 

62 

64 

60 

92 

72 

68 

70 

70 

80 

70 

74 

68 

66 

66 

70 

66 

96 

74 

72 

72 

74 

88 

74 

7b 

72 

70 

70 

72 

70 

98 

78 

74 

74 

74 

94 

76 

78 

74 

74 

72 

76 

72 

104 

88 

76 

76 

74 

ICO 

80 

80 

76 

78 

74 

78 

76 

104 

94 

80 

78 

76 

102 

84 

82 

78 

80 

76 

82 

80 

104 

98 

88 

78 

76 

102 

90 

88 

78 

82 

78 

82 

82 

94 

98 

92 

78 

78 

98 

96 

92 

80 

82 

80 

82 

84 

94 

96 

94 

78 

78 

94 

94 

92 

80 

82 

80 

80 

82 

TEST  No.  87. 


7.45  a 
8.45 

9-45 

10.45     ' 
11.45     ' 

12.45  P 
1.45 
2.45     ' 
3-45     ' 
4- 45 


Outside 
Temperature. 


+78 
So 
84 
88 
88 
90 
90 
88 
80 
So 


Temperature  of  Watrr  in  Canteens. 

All  of  the  canteens  were  filled.  All  of  the  canteens  were 
immersed,  both  covers  on,  for  ten  (lo)  minutes  before 
being  e.xposed  to  the  sun,  suspended  from  a  trestle 
placed  on  the  roof  of  the  L  of  the  Army  Building,  St. 
Paul,  Minn. 


A  A  A  B  C  C|  E 


50.  50 

64!  74 
66(  82 
68'  88 
68'  88 


u 

50 
62 
64 
66 
68 
70 
70 
72 
74 
74 


HISTORY    OF    THE    MILITARY    CAXTEEX. 
TEST  No.    88. 


1=^1 


Hour 


7.45  a 

8.45 

9-45 
10.45 
11.45 
12.45  p 

1-45 
2.4=; 

3-45 
4-45 


Outside 
Temperature. 


66 

70 
72 
78 
80 
80 
78 
76 
76 


Temperature  of  Water  in  Canteens. 


Conditions  same  as  in  Test  No.  87. 
B     C  C     E  I 


62  60 

62  64 

64  66 

64  68 


50 

64 
70 
72 
78 
80 
821 
82' 
82 
80 


50 
54 
56 
56 
58 
60 
60 
62 
64 
04 


TEST  No.   89. 


Temperature  of  Water  in  Canteens. 

AH  openable  canvas  covers  were  removed  before  immers- 
ing the  feltcovered  canteens  for  ten  (10)  minutes.  The 
dry  canvas  covers  were  then  replaced  over  the  wet 
felt  and  canteens  exposed  same  as  in  Test  No.  88. 


A  A 

B 

c  c 

E 

L 

MM 

Q 

R 

s 

T 

50 

50 

50 

50 

.SO 

SO 

SO 

SO 

SO 

SO 

56 

56 

58 

66 

58 

S8 

S4 

62 

S4 

S8 

bo 

S8 

S8 

70 

bo 

bo 

S6 

62 

S8 

60 

62 

60 

60 

72 

62 

62 

S8 

62 

S8 

62 

62 

62 

62 

76 

64 

64 

60 

64 

60 

64 

64 

64 

66 

82 

66 

66 

66 

66 

66 

66 

66 

66 

66 

86 

70 

6S 

68 

68 

6S 

6S 

68 

66 

66 

86 

70 

70 

70 

70 

70 

6S 

70 

68 

66 

88 

76 

76 

72 

72 

70 

70 

70 

68 

66 

86 

78 

78 

74 

72 

72 

70 

50 

56 
58 
58 
60 

66 
68 
68 
68 
68 


TEST  No.  90. 


Outside 
Temperature. 

Temperature  of  Water  in  Canteens. 

Hour. 

Canvas  and  felt  covers  immersed  for  ten   (10)    minutes 
before  commencing  test. 

A  'A  A 

B 

c  c 

E 

L 

MM 

Q 

K 

s 

T 

u 

7-45  -I-  '» 

8.d.^       "        

+62 
62 

64 
60 
62 
60 
62 
64 

66 
64 

52'    52 

56   54 

56     56 
58:    58 
58:    58 
58     58 
58     58 
58     58 
60    60 
60    60 

52 
54 
56 

56 
56 
58 
58 
60 
58 

52 
54 
56 
56 
56 
56 
S8 
58 
58 
60 

52 
58 
62 
58 
62 
62 
62 
60 
62 
64 

52 

It 

58 
58 
58 
58 
60 
60 
60 

52 

56 
56 
58 
58 
58 
60 
60 
58 

52 
52 
54 
56 
56 
56 
58 
58 
58 
60 

52 
54 
56 

56 

56 
56 

58 

58 
60 

52 

52 

55 
56 

56 

56 

58 

58 

60 

60 

52 

54 
56 
56 
56 
56 
58 
58 
60 

58 

52 

54 
54 
56 
56 
56 
58 
58 
58 
58 

n.  J.!;     "          

10.4;     "     

1 1 .4;     "         

12.45  p.  m 

1.45     "     

2.4;     "     

-i.AZ        "         

4-45     "      

'5-2 


IIISTORV    OF    Till':    Mri.lTARY    CANTEEN. 
TEST  No.   91. 


S.oo  a.  m 

9.00     " 

1000    " 

11.00    " 

12.00    m. 

1. 00  p.  Ill 

2.00     " 

3.00    " 

4.00     " 

5.00     " 


Outside 
Tcmperatvrc. 


+72 
76 

So 
84 
84 
86 
84 
84 
86 
88 


Temperature  of  Water  in  Canteens. 


All  canvas  covers  removed  before  immersing  canteens 
for  len  (10)  minutes.  Canvas  covers  then  replaced 
over  wet  felt,  before  commencement  of  lest. 


52 
60 
64 
64 

66 
66 
66 
72 
76 
78 


A  A 

B 

c  c 

E 

L 

MM 

^ 

R 

S 

T 

S2 

S2 

S2 

S2 

S2 

S2 

52  52 

52 

.S2 

ss 

s-s 

0 

62 

S8 

vs 

S6!  s8 

.S6 

.s« 

60 

62 

60 

70 

62 

64 

60  60 

ss 

60 

64 

64 

62 

74 

64 

66 

62,  62 

62 

64 

66 

66 

64 

7« 

68 

68 

64  64 

64 

66 

66 

6S 

66 

80 

68 

68 

66  68 

66 

66 

66 

66 

66 

82 

68 

68 

66  68 

66 

66 

66 

66 

66 

84 

70 

68 

68 

70 

68 

68 

66 

68 

66 

86 

70 

70 

68 

72 

68 

70 

66 

68 

66 

86 

72 

70 

68 

72 

68 

70 

52 

56 

62 
64 
66 
68 
70 
70 
72 


TEST  No.  92. 


8.00  a.  m. 

9.00  "  . 
10.00  " 
1 1  00  " 
12.00  111-  . 

1. 00  p.  111. 

2.00  " 

3.00  "  . 

4.00  " 

5.00  "  . 


Outside 
Temperature. 


68 
70 


62 

58 
60 
60 

58 
58 
62 


Temperature  of  Water  in  Canteens. 

Both  canvas  outer,  and  felt  inner  covers  immersed  for 
ten  (lo)  minutes  before  commencement  of  test. 


A  A     B    IC  C 


50  50 

60  60 

62  62 

60  60 

56  56 


50;  50 
60  60 

62  68 


50 
58 
62 
62 

58 
56 

54 
52 

^2 


TEST  No.  93. 


Out- 

' 

■" 

side 

All  canteens  filled  and  covers  dry. 

A 

A  A 

B 

c  c 

E 

L 

MM 

Q 

R 

s 

T 

u 

Y*  zt 

+82 

S2 

S2 

S2 

S2 

S2 

S2 

S2 

S2 

S2 

S2 

,S2 

S2 

52  5^ 

84 

60 

62 

60 

S8 

64 

62 

62 

S8 

S8 

S8 

.S8 

S8 

64  64 

90 

72 

70 

68 

6S 

80 

70 

72 

64 

66 

66 

66 

66 

74  72 

Q2 

82 

7^ 

74 

76 

88 

78 

78 

70 

72 

70 

70 

70 

80  7-i 

100 

86 

86 

82 

82 

92 

86 

86 

74 

76 

76 

76 

76 

84  84 

98 

90 

90 

86 

88 

06 

90 

90 

80 

80 

80 

80 

80 

88  86 

92 

92 

90 

90 

90 

Q4 

90 

92 

82 

82 

82 

84 

84 

86  84 

90 

90 

90 

90 

90 

90 

90 

90 

84 

84 

84 

84 

84 

86  86 

90 

8S 

90 

90 

88 

00 

90 

.go 

84 

84 

84 

86 

86 

86  86 

HISTORY    OF    THE    MILITAKV    CANTEEN. 
TEST  No.   H4. 


^53 


Temperature  of  Water  in  Canteens. 

Out- 
side 
Temp. 

All  canteens  filled  and  covers  dry  except  Canteen  "T,"  the 

covers  of  which  wefe  wet. 

A 

A  A    B 

c  c 

E 

L 

M.M     Q 

R 

s 

T 

u 

Y* 

z+ 

+S2 

54 

54  54 

54 

54 

54 

54   54 

54 

54 

54 

54 

54 

54 

86 

64 

62  62 

62 

68 

64 

66   62 

60 

60 

62 

62 

64 

64 

lOO 

70 

68   70 

68 

7« 

70 

72'  68 

64 

68 

68 

66 

72 

72 

lOO 

72 

72!  72 

72 

88 

74 

74    72 

68 

70 

70 

72 

80 

78 

lOO 

72 

72j  74 

74 

90 

76 

76    74 

70 

72 

72 

72 

82 

82 

96 

76 

74   74 

74 

94 

76 

76    76 

76 

74 

74 

74 

86 

86 

9^ 

7« 

74|  74 

74 

94 

76 

76    76 

76 

74 

74 

74 

88 

86 

100 

86 

78l  74 

74 

96 

82 

80    76 

7« 

76 

74 

74 

90 

90 

98 

92 

82:  76 

74 

96 

88 

88    78 

80 

7« 

76 

:6 

90 

90 

92 

96 

86'  76 

76 

96 

92 

92    78 

82 

7« 

74 

7« 

92 

90 

TEST  No.  95. 


Hour. 


7.30  a. 
8.30     ' 

9-30  ' 
10.30  ' 
11.30     " 

12.30  p. 
1.30  " 
2.30     " 

3-30  " 
4.30     " 


Out- 
side 
Temp. 


+86 

92 

100 

100 

104 

104 

104 

100 

96 

92 


Temperature  of  Water  in  Canteens. 


Conditions:     Same  as  in  Test  No.  94. 


A    A  A    B     C  C 


K 


78:100 

78'ioo 

741  98 
76I  96 


54  54 

70  66 

74  70 

76  72 

76|  78 

76  80 


54|  54 
64  68 
68'  72 
72'  76 
76,  78 
78I  78 
78  78 
78,  78 
80  76 
78    76 


54 
68 

72' 
76; 
76 
76' 
78| 
80 

76 

78' 


Y*|  Zt 

541  54 
68  j  66 
72|  72 
80j  78 
86  84 
90]  88 
92,  90 

92|  90 
92,  92 
92'  90 


♦Description  of  Canteen  "Y."— From  Messrs.  Hormann.  Schutte  &  Co.,  Cannstatt  a  Necken 
Germany.  Aluminum,  99%  pure,  drawn  and  pressed  out  of  one  solid  piece.  Mouthpiece,  two 
pressed  parts.  No  cover.  Weight  cf  flask,  S}4  ozs.  Capacity,  46  fluid  ounces.  Weight,  tilled, 
57'2  ounces,  avoirdupois. 

+  DESCRIPTION  OF  Canteen  "Z." — Circular  Ahiminuni  fl.isk,  msde  by  the  Griswold  Manufactur- 
ing Co.,  Erie,  Pa.  Cist,  including  lug,  from  a  wood  pattern  and  wood  core  box.  No  cover.  Weight 
of  flask,  17)4  ounces.     C!apacity,  52  fluid  ounces.     Weight,  filled,  72  ounces. 


154 


IIISTOKV    Ol'    TlIi:    MII.ITAkY    CANTEliN. 


RKCOHD  OF  CANTHKN  "F." 

Synopsis  of  Icsls,  oiicii-air,  made  at  Ilcadiiuarlcrs,  DcpailmciU  of  Dakota,  St. 
Paul,  Minn.,  of  the  Newark,  N.  J.  Aliiininuni  Flask — Circular  Canteen;  no  .solder  said 
to  l)c  used:  Covered  i)y  the  Lanz  method  with  ^-inch  felt;  openable  canvas  cover. 
<  "apacity,  44  ounces.     Weight  16  ounces.     Termed  in  this  monograph,  Canteen  "F.  " 

No.  of  Tests 33.       Frozen  in  Test  No.  30;  also  in  No.  38. 

Test  No.  33, leakage  first  noticed.      Test  No.   38 leakage  established. 


No.  of 
Test. 


Outside 
Temperature. 


Temperature  of 
Water  in  Canteen. 


30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
37 
38 

39 
40 

41 
42 
43 
44 
45 
46 

47 

48 

49 
50 
51 
52 
53 
54 
55 
56 
57 
58 
59 
60 
61 
62 


Maximum.    Minimum 


+  8 
12 
14 
23 
34 
41 
32 
40 
36 
42 
14 

2S 
26 
12 

34 
-  2 
Zero. 
+28 

18 

iS 

24 
16 

'4 

2S 
30 
22 
38 
42 

iS 

2 

20 
20 


Maximum.    Minimum. 


+   7 
10 

14 
20 

32 


38 

12 

10 

22 
4 

14 
-10 

10 
+  14 

14 
8 

4 
8 

2 

18 
22 

8 
24 
32 
12 

-  4 
+    2 
Zero. 
20 


+  54 

+  32 

52 
56 

32 
32 

112 

32 

no 

116 

44 
48 

u6 

42 

116 

52 

100 

48 

94 
96 

98 

52 
32 
36 

94 

32 

94 
106 

32 
38 

74 

32 

102 

32 

90 
80 

34 
32 

130 

34 

50 
56 

178 
168 

32 
32 
32 

38 

50 
52 

54 

52 

170 

172 

1 68 


44 


Frozen  withdrawn. 
Leaked  after  first  hour. 

Leaked. 


Frozen. 
J  .eaky. 


Hichest. 


+  42 


+  178 


The  record  of  Canteen  "F,"  covering  a  period  of  thirty-four  (34)  days,  is  given  in 
extenso  in  order  to  illustrate,  practically,  the  thoroughness  with  which  all  tests  were 
conducted.  My  tests  were  not  based  on  any  theory.  My  recommendations  ha%-e  been 
based  upon  the  results  of  numerous  tests  under  varying  conditions. 

Aluminum  and  its  alloys  is  such  a  satisfactory  metal  to  make  canteen  flasks  of— if 
the  metal  could  be  satisfactorily  soldered— that  I  part  with  it  with  reluctance.  The 
aluminum  manufacturers  have  not  yet,  to  my  knowledge,  succeeded  in  making  a  canteen 
fiask  that  will  meet  the  requirements  of  the  military  service. 


HISTORY    Ol"    Till-:    MILITARV    CA.MEEN.  I55 

A  lUMl'AklSi  )X. 
Jiii:  KiiCL  LAI  ION  \'i:ksls  1111:  La.\/  Lam'i:l;.v. 

Thouglu  was  applied  aiul  cxpcrinicius  conducted  in  the  U.  S. 
Army  more  than  a  quarter  af  a  century  ago  to  the  solution  of  the 
question  of  how  to  keep  water  in  a  tin  canteen  palatable  in  a  hot 
region.  It  resolved  itself  into  the  adoption  of  the  present  Regula- 
tion Canteen.  The  formation  of  judgment  regarding  a  canteen 
suitable  for  military  use  is  slow  work.  It  is  easy  to  arrive  at  a  con- 
clusion regarding  a  device  that  is  merely  a  receptacle  to  hold  liquids 
in  for  the  consumption  of  tourists,  sportsmen,  and  bicyclists,  on  a 
summer  outing.  My  conclusions  are  that  the  Regulation  Canteen 
fails  to  secure  the  benefits  of  a  prolonged  evaporative  action  for  as 
long  a  time  as  the  Lanz  Canteen  does.  The  Lanz  Canteen  prevents 
rapid  changes  of  temperature  of  its  contents.  Its  shape  and 
method  of  construction. — both  as  regards  the  metallic  flask  and  its 
components,  the  covers, — differ  from  other  canteens.  The  means, 
methods  and  principles  involved,  physical,  mechanical  and  rational, 
are  elsewhere  described  in  this  monograj:)]!.  In  cold  weather,  the 
dry  felt  is  an  effective  non-conductor  of  heat.  In  hot  weather  the 
saturated — canvas  encased — cover  of  all-wool  felt  applied  to  the 
filled  metallic  flask  continues  moist  for  a  number  of  hours  longer 
than  any  other  canteen,  hence  possesses  the  merit  of  keeping  the 
fluid  contents  cool  and  rehshable  for  a  maximum  period. 

A  defect  of  the  Regulation  Canteen  is  that  it  is  impracticable 
to  easily  thoroughly  saturate  the  inner  felt,  or  Petersham,  cover. 
After  a  little  field  service,  the  outer  canvas  cover  accumulates 
grease,  dirt,  etc.,  to  such  an  extent  as  to  become  nearly  water-proof, 
despite  immersion  :  hence  there  is  little  cooling  action  by  evapora- 
tion. Herein  one  of  the  advantages  of  the  Lanz  Canteen  applies, 
because  it  has  an  openable  cover,  whereas  the  Regulation  cover  is 
permanently  attached,  unless  the  stitches  are  cut. 

The  musket  carried  by  our  army  during  the  civil  war  period, 
1861-5,  could  put  an  enemy  out  of  action  at  a  range  of  600  yards, 
but  the  effective  range  of  the  Springfield  muzzle-loader  was  limited 
as  compared  with  the  Cal.  30  U.  S.  Magazine  Rifle,  sheathed  pro- 
jectile, with  which  our  troops  arc  now  armed.  The  energy  and 
]>enetration  oi  the  latter  at  a  range  in  excess  of  two  miles  is  known. 
The  determination  of  the  relative  merits  of  the  old  caliber  .45  small 
firearm  of  projection,  as  compared  with  the  rifle  at  present  in  the 
hands  of  our  soldiers,  should  not  rest  upon  the  limitations  of  the 
Springfield,  but  upon  the  far-reaching  powers  of  the  Krag-Jorgenson. 


I  Vl 


iiisioin-   III-    Mil.   Mii.iiAin'   c.wi  i':i';.\'. 


,\>  it  is  willi  liri;iiiii>.  .s<  i  it  is  willi  cinlcms. 

I'ur  a  iiiiiiihcT  of  hours,  sa\ ,  six,  tlir  Kcgulaliou  Canteen  will, 
under  (irdinary  circumstances  and  inndcr.iltly  uniform  temperature, 
keep  water  as  cool  as  the  T,an/. :  htU.  after  the  water  absorbed  bv 
the  C()\ers  of  the  1\etj;ulation  Canteen  has  evaporated  and  the  con- 
tents thus  I)e|L;un  to  rise  in  temperature,  the  Lanz  Canteen  will  con- 
tinue to  keep  its  contents  at  a  lower,  therefore  more  relishable,  tem- 
])eratin-e  than  the  Regulation  Canteen. 


Seide^,  German^^   /l<rr?^5A^d  Fcr  tesi  bif  the  La/tACarrttzi^  Co-, 
Chicaqo,  J  it. 


A  full  and  impartial  consideration  of  the  merits  of  a  canteen 
intended  for  use  in  the  field,  during  a  campaign,  or  on  the  march, 
cannot  be  said  to  liave  been  effected  until  the  canteen  has  been  given 
exhaustive  tests  assimilating  to  such  practical  tests  as  would  be  given 
it  by  soldiers  in  any  climate,  hot  or  cold. 

My  official  reports  show  that  I  have  given  numerous  canteens 
these  tests  in  environments  of  outside  temperature  varving  from 
minus  ten  (  lo)  degrees  F.  to  plus  one  hundred  and  twenty-five 
( 125)  degree?  F. 

-My  ccMiclusion  and  recommendation  is  that  the  Lanz  Canteen 
warrants  a  trial  w  ith  a  view  to  its  adoption  in  the  I'.  S.  Armv. 


HISTORY   OF    Tin-:    MII.ITARV    CANTEEN. 


^57 


Factors  to  be  taken  into  cotisideratioti  iti  the  selection  of  a  Can« 
teen  intended  for  use  In  the  Military  Service. 

I  ■  Ca.t. 

,  I'ressol. 

'  Stampeil. 

'.  Welded. 

I  Rolled, 


Ahiiiiiiiuii 


1-  Slice  I,    Mclal. 


M.VTKKIAL J     Tin. 


Cuiislructioii 


Shape 


Canteen 


C'otiipiiiieiil- 


I     Ebonite. 


Wood. 

f'nameled  Melal. 
Tinned  " 

Galvanized     " 
Other  Metals. 


r  Side  Pieces,  I'lars  or 
J      Loops,  attaclied  to  lla>k. 
j    Loops  attached  to  Cover. 

Concave-conve.x  faces. 

Covex  faces. 

Cylindrical. 

Flat. 

One  face  llat,  oppo.site 
face  curvetl. 
r  Durability. 
■{    Weight. 
(^  Capacity. 
1  r  All-wool  felt. 

I     InsideCover i    Felted  tMotli. 

(   Sponye  Cloth. 
I    Duck,  or  Canvas. 
\    Any  textile  fabric. 
(    Leather. 


!     .Single  Piece. . . 

Joined  Pieces.. 

,'  Oval 

Oblong 

CJourd 

Bottle  s]ia]>cd. . 
Circular 


Flask. 


( >utside  Cover 


Mouth  Piece. 

Stopper. 

I'hain. 

Triangles,  nr  Side  I'ieees 


ytieries 


Can  air-pre>suie  Vie  utilized  in  lieu  of  the  inside  \\ater-pres>uro  u-ed,  as  state*!  by 
the  Pittsburgh  Reduction  Co.,  in  sha])ing  spun  aluminum  canteen  flasks? 

Will  a  cast  aluminunr  flask  prove  as  duiable  as  a  flask  of  spun  aluminum? 

llow  can  triangles,  ears,  lugs,  i)r  rings  be  substantially  fastened  at  the  sides  of  an 
aluminum  flask,  and  thus  do  away  with  a  strap  around  the  cover? 

Kv  what  niethnd  is  the  Canteen  Flask  made? 


15^  iiisnim'  OK  Tin-:  mii.itakv  cantf.IvX. 

••Llur  I'cKlllaschcn  uiid  Kocligcschinc  aiis  Aluininuin.  Iiii  Augl- 
rncfc  (Us  k.  Kriegsministcriums  hcarheilct  von  Dr.  Plagge,  Stabsarzt, 
1111(1  (Icorg  Lcbbin,  Chcmikcr.  (Canteen  an(J  cooking  utensils  of 
aluminum.  Prepared  bv  direction  of  the  war  ministry  by  Dr. 
I'laggc,  staff  surgeon,  and  George  Lebbin,  chemist.)  lOO  pp.  Ijcr- 
lin,  1893"  : — 

i:XTR.\CT. 

"Three  kinds  of  tests  : 

(i)      Rough,  practical  usefulness. 

(2)  Durability,  wearing  (pialities  and  cost   fmni  an   eco- 
nomical point  of  view. 

(3)  Question  of  hygiene  and  harmfulness  or  harmlessness 
of  alumimmi  vessels. 

The  tinal  result  of  these  tests  and  trials  amount  to  this :  That 
neither  from  a  practical  nor  from  an  economical  point  of  view 
essential  arguments  against  the  feasibility  of  using  aluminum  field 
flasks  exist,  and  that  from  a  sanitary  standpoint  such  flasks  can  be 
utilized  without  the  least  hesitation. 

Regarding  the  rough  practical  usefulness,  the  question  arises 
whether  or  not  the  taste  of  the  fluid  contained  in  the  aluminum 
flask  is  in  any  way  changed.  This  is  not  the  case.  Neither  water, 
nor  coffee,  nor  water  mixed  with  vinegar;  beer,  wine,  brandy  (cog- 
nac) and  other  spirituous  liquors,  lemonade;  etc.,  show  a  change 
in  taste,  particularly  no  after-taste  of  aluminum,  even  after  the  con- 
tents had  remained  in  the  flask  for  a  week. 

Although  a  change  in  the  taste  of  the  contents  of  a  properly 
cleaned  aluminum  flask  does  not  occur,  there  are  some  liquids  which 
appear  to  be  unsuited  to  be  kept  for  any  length  of  time  in  such 
flasks.  They  become  cloudy  or  muddy  and  cause  the  formation  of 
s])ots  or  stains.  Among  them  are,  as  practical  tests  in  the  army  have 
demonstrated,  brandy  (cognac)  which,  after  only  twenty-four 
hours"  preservation  in  the  flask,  particularly  in  a  warm  temperature, 
caused  the  formation  of  peculiar  dark  brown  spots  or  stains  on  the 
inside  of  the  flask. 

In  order  to  determine  the  nature  of  the  spots,  tests  were  made 
with  various  liquors,  i.  e.,  three  kinds  of  cognac,  two  kinds  of 
Xordhauser  (corn  whisky),  herl)  liquor,  Dantzig  Goldwater  and 
Kuemmel. 

=*=  *  :}:  :■:  H:  :;:  *  *  * 

1  liese  experiments  proved  that  aluminum  flasks  are  not  adapted 
for  a  lengthy  preservation  of  such   liquids  as  cognac,  etc..  which. 


HISTORY    OF    THE    .MILITARV    CANTEEX  1 59 

although  not  losing  particularly  in  taste,  lose  their  appetizing  quali- 
ties by  becoming  clouded,  the  discoloration  being  caused  by  loosen- 
ing of  the  stains  from  the  flask  and  mixing  with  the  liquor. 

This,  however,  hardly  impairs  the  practical  usefulness  of  the 
aluminum  flask  for  the  army.  A  soldier  generally  carries  cofifee  or 
water  in  his  flask,  not  liquor,  the  latter  being,  particularly  on 
marches,  at  least  in  the  infantrv,  expressly  prohibited. 

Of  other  liquids  carried  in  the  flask,  cofi"ee.  the  standard  drink 
(jf  the  marching  soldier,  should  be  considered  :  but  the  stains  created 
by  it  (amounting  to  the  size  of  a  pin  head  after  24  hours)  are 
so  inconsiderable  that  all  practical  objection  will  disappear  when  it 
is  considered  that  tlie  coffee,  which  in  itself  is  not  entirely  clear, 
does  not  lose  its  taste  and  is  generally  kept  in  the  flask  for  a  nuich 
shorter  period. 

Another  kind  of  stains  of  whitish  color  in  aluminum  field  flasks 
must  be  considered.  They  are  caused  by  leaving  water  standing 
quiet  in  an  aluminum  vessel  for  any  length  of  time. 

Although  the  resistance  of  the  metal  to  the  action  of  the  water. — 
and  especially  of  distilled  w^ater, — is  undoubted,  yet  weak  solutions  of 
salt,   which  are   contained   in   most  of  our  drinking  waters,   bring 
about    the    above    mentioned    phenomenon,    after     the    water     has 
remained  in  the  vessels  for  hours. 

These  stains  resemble  the  brandy  stains  to  a  great  extent,  but 
are  of  a  lighter  color,  being  yellowish-white,  and  feel  firm  and 
sandy,  while  the  cognac  stains  are  of  an  even,  loose  or  spongy 
nature. 

Those  whitish  stains  also  appear  much  ;-lower.  generally  not 
after  several  days. 

********* 

So  far  as  the  question  of  ecmiomy  is  concerned,  it  is  to  be  em- 
phasized that  the  aluminum  field  flasks  during  these  many  and 
varied  tests  and  experiments,  continued  for  months,  including  their 
1)eing  placed  in  incubators  and  shaking  api)aratus  (the  latter  imi- 
tating the  movement  of  a  marching  soldier),  have  shown  them- 
selves as  very  durable  and  strong,  and  that  a  leakage  has  never 
occurred.  \\'hether.  in  this  respect,  they  will  satisfy  the  demands 
of  field  service,  can  only  be  demonstrated  by  practical  carrying  tests. 
As  the  softness  of  the  metal  facilitates  a  possibility  of  damage 
to  the  flask,  it  is  a  matter  of  importance  that  lately  a  niunbcr  of 
sure  methods  of  soldering  aluminum  have  i)een  found,  which  process, 
as  is  well  known,  was  not  quite  successful  at  first." 


iTtn  HISTORY    OF    Till,     MHIIAKV    CANTEEN. 

The  Patton  Paint  Company,  Milwankcc.  Wis.,  (see  p.  104), 
writes:  "We  have  come  to  a  point  now  where  we  desire  to  get  hold 
of  the  canteen  itself  made  of  wood  and  will  ask  you  to  inform  us 
whether  you  know  of  such  a  canteen  already  made  up.  If  not,  we 
shall  be  obliged  to  have  a  few  made  by  some  wood  working  com- 
pany, as  we  are  now  ready  to  give  the  paint  a  test  on  the  canteen 
as  it  will  be  used  in  service." 

The  Griswold  Manufacturing  Company,  Erie,  Pa.,  (see  pp. 
48-9),  writes  as  follows:  "In  reply  to  yours  in  regard  to  the  can- 
teen, would  say.  we  had  to  make  several  changes  in  our  pattern, 
which  delayed  us  in  getting  out  the  sample.  We  have  this  all  fin- 
ished, so  we  will  be  able  to  make  castings  to-day  or  to-morrow,  and 
expect  to  be  able  to  send  you  sample  for  your  test  the  very  first  of 
next  week.  We  trust  this  will  not  be  too  late,  and  that  you  will 
hold  3'our  tests  open  so  you  can  include  our  sample  in  the  same. 
We  know  we  can  be  successful  in  making  a  cast  canteen  all  in  one 
piece,  which  would  certainly  be  much  stronger  than  the  sheet  alum- 
inum one,  and  there  will  be  no  rivets  projecting  through,  which  are 
weak  points,  as  it  soon  corrodes  around  the  rivets.  We  shall  cast 
a  lug  on  the  outside  on  which  to  fasten  the  ring  for  the  strap. 
Trusting  you  can.  therefore,  hold  the  tests  open,  and  assuring  you 
we  will  send  sample  in  a  very  few  days,  we  remain,"  etc. 


Hermann,  Schutte  &  Co..  Importers  and  General  Commission 
Merchants,  24  and  26  W.  4th  St.,  New  York,  write  as  follows: 

"One  of  our  friends  called  our  attention  to  your  article  in  the 
Aluminum  World  of  March,  1901.  We  understand  from  this  that 
you  take  great  interest  in  aluminum  articles,  especiallv  canteens  for 
the  U.  S.  Army,  and  as  we  represent  the  largest  manufacturer  in 
the  world  who  makes  a  specialty  of  aluminum  canteens  and  cook- 
ing utensils  for  military  purposes,  having  supplied  all  the  European 
armies  and  still  supplying  them  with  all  they  need  in  this  line,  we 
are  sure  we  could  give  you  some  valuable  information  and  success- 
fully compete  with  any  manufacturer  in  this  line  of  goods.  We 
would  be  only  too  pleased  to  furnish  you  with  samples  which  you 
might  test  and  also  wnth  lowest  quotations,  if  you  will  have  the 
kindness  to  inform  us  what  you  may  need  to  make  your  test,  and 
also  give  you  any  other  information  which  might  possibly  interest 
you  and  which  we  are  in  a  position  to  furnish."     *     =•=     * 

The  above  mentioned  firm — Messrs.  Hormann.  Schutte  &  Co. — 
again  write: — "We  confirm  our  previous  letter  and  have  taken  thi' 


HISTORY    OF    THE    MILITARY    CANTEEN.  r6l 

liberty  of  sending  you  a  sample  of  an  aluniinuni  CHUlecn.  which  we 
just  this  moment  received  from  our  manufacturer. 

"This  canteen  has  Ijeen  drawn  and  pressed  out  of  one  soh<l  piece 
of  pure  aluminum  plate.  99  per  cent  pure  aluiuinum. 

"The  mouthpiece  consists  of  two  pressed  parts  to  give  sirens^lh 
to  the  neck. 

"In  case  that  this  canteen  should,  in  your  opinion,  not  have  resist- 
ance enough,  it  is  easy  for  th.e  manufacturer  to  make  them  out  of  a 
heavier  plate  with  a  thicker  wall. 

"The  size,  shape,  etc..  the  manufacturer  would  be  willing  u>  make 
absolutely  in  accordance  with  your  instructions. 

"Kindly  test  this  canteen  thoroughly  and  see  whether  the  same 
would  come  in  every  respect  up  to  your  expectation  and  answer  your 
purpose  thoroughly. 

"We  would  be  much  obliged  to  hear  from  you." 


Messrs.  Herm.  Weissenburger  &  Co..  Cannstatt  a.  Xecker 
write  as  follows: — "We  thank  you  for  your  kind  favor  of  10th 
instant,  but  not  seeing  our  way  to  compete  successfully  with  the 
U.  S.  manufacturers  on  account  of  heavy  duty,  we  have  decided  to 
keep  back,  although  the  order  would  suit  us  very  well. 

"We  have  invented  a  new  helmet,  a  combination  of  .Muminum. 
leather  and  Pegamoid,  light  and  rigid,  perhaps  with  this  article. 
which  we  can  protect  in  the  U.  S.,  we  shall  have  better  luck.  We 
shall  send  yoi;  a  sample  later." 


Tlie  Griswold  Manufacturing  Company,  Erie,  Pa.,  (see  also  pre- 
ceding pages  48-9  and  87),  write  again  : — "We  are  shipping  you  by 
American  Express  today,  prepaid,  sample  of  cast  Aluminuiu  flask. 
W^e  are  sending  you  this  flask  without  any  cork,  as  we  were  in  a 
great  hurry  to  ship  it  to  you.  Did  not  have  time  to  make  the  metal 
trimmings  and  chain  that  you  woidd  recjuire  on  the  cork.  These 
small  details  we  can  easily  fix  any  requirements  you  would  want. 

"This  flask  was  tested  with  water  pressure  of  50  pounds  to  the 
square  inch.  It  stood  the  test  all  right,  except  we  bent  out  the  flat 
side  slightlv.  Would  say.  this  flat  side  is  a  little  thinner  than  the 
other. 

"This  flask  was  cast  from  just  a  wooden  pattern  and  wood  core 
box.  Tt  is  difficult  to  hold  the  core  exactly  true.  If  we  should 
make  them  we  would  use  metal  patterns  and  core  boxes,  and  fit 
up  so  they  would  come  exact  even  thickness,  and  we  hope  then  to 
get  them  a  trifle  lighter. 


lOJ  JIISTUUV    OF     I  111';    MII-IIAKV    CANTEKiV. 

"Of  course,  \vc  uiKlersiaiKl  the  tlasks  would  have  lo  l)e  fui  nislicd 
with  fell  or  cloth  covcriug,  we  presume  also  the  chains  and  straps, 
hut  (  ur  idea  in  sending  you  this  hare  sample  is  to  get  your  (opinion 
whether  a  cast  ilask  is  practical,  and  if  there  would  he  any  chance 
of  it  heing  adopted.  If  so,  we  stand  ready  to  go  ahead  at  once  and 
get  up  a  more  perfect  sample,  equipped  with  all  details,  coverings,  etc. 

"This  flask,  of  course,  is  heavier  than  one  made  of  sheet  alumi- 
mini,  and  we  did  not  know  hut  the  weight  would  he  against  it.  Ou 
the  other  hand,  it  is  a  good  deal  stronger,  and  there  are  no  rivets 
through  the  same  where  the  chains  are  fastened  on.  wdiich  is  a  very 
weak  point  on  a  sheet  aluminum  flask,  as  the  water  will  immediately 
begin  to  corrode  around  the  rivet  heads. 

"Also,  there  arc  no  joints  or  soldered  places  in  the  flask.  We 
trust  this  will  reach  you  in  time  for  you  to  include  it  in  your  report, 
and  WT  await  with  interest  your  reply. 

"We  stand  ready  to  make  any  changes,  and  to  furnish  you  with 
completely  fitted  up  sample,  as  you  may  request. 

"We  also  believe  this  flask  is  a  little  larger  than  the  regulation 
re(]uirements." 


The  Indian  Aluminum  Company,  Limited,  Madras,  British  In- 
dia, (see  page  yy),  writes  again  as  follows: — "Since  the  dispatch  of 
cur  letter  of  the  21st  ultimo,  we  have  received  the  copy  of  the 
.■Unminiiin  World  for  March  and  have  read  with  much  interest  your 
letter,  wherein  we  note  that  the  articles  submitted  to  yoit  for  test 
are  experimented  with  until  they  are  practically  destroyed.  We 
cannot  claim  that  our  water  bottles  are  indestructible,  but  we  cor- 
dially invite  the  severest  test  and  we  feel  sure  that  in  the  matter  of 
strength  and  durability  our  goods  w-ill  compare  most  favorably 
with  those  manufactured  anywhere  else.  We  also  note  your  sugges- 
tion that  naked  flasks  should  not  be  sent  to  you,  but  here  w^e  would 
point  out  that  any  covering  that  we  could  put  on  them  would  have 
to  be  imported  by  us,  and  this  would  materially  add  to  the  cost, 
whereas  should  you  decide  to  place  an  order  with  us  we  have  no 
doubt  that  some  firm  in  America  would  undertake  the  cover  with 
material  to  be  approved  of  by  you.  As  it  has  occurred  to  us  that  the 
sample  we  sent  you  was  rather  small,  we  are  now  sending  you  a 
second  bottle,  to  contain  three  pints." 


The  real  way  to  find  out  the  merits  of  a  canteen  is  to  carry  it 
and  depend  upon  it  for  the  fluids  that  you  drink. 

The  man  who  carries  the  canteen  is  usually  indfterent  as  to  its 


IIISTOKV    OF    THE    .MILITARY    CANTKKX.  iC)}, 

material  or  construction  and  ignorant  as  to  its  theories.  princii)lcs, 
or  components.  He  is  a  judge  of  results,  though,  just  as  a  marks- 
man knows  what  the  effectiveness  of  his  rifle  is,  when  he  has  become 
accustomed  to  the  practical  use  of  the  firearm.  The  average  man  is 
more  interested  in  what  the  canteen  does  than  in  what  it  is.  He 
has  no  reliable  means  of  proving  what  it  is,  but  he  needs  no  advice 
to  tell  him  what  it  does.  He  makes  no  experiments  cr  comparative 
tests ;  he  has  no  opportunity  to  do  so.  He  accepts  the  canteen  issued 
to  him  as  the  best  type  and  product  of  its  class.  He  knows  that 
water  from  the  Regulation  Canteen  may  l)e  usable  without  being 
relishable  or  palatable.  If  given  a  chance  to  test  the  Regulation 
Canteen  with  the  Lanz  Canteen,  it  is  believed  the  veteran  would 
pronounce  the  latter  a  success.  Until  the  arc-electric  or  incandes- 
cent electric  lights  came  we  never  knew  what  flying  animals  were 
in  the  air,  but  we  then  found  myriads  of  strange  bugs  immolated 
beneath  the  lights.  Just  as  illuminating  gas  was  superseded  by  the 
electric  light,  an  improvement  is  demanded  in  the  shape,  construc- 
tion and  material  of  the  Regulation  Canteen. 

There  are  two  ways  in  which  to  fully  and  impartially  consider 
the  merits  of  any  article  of  equipment  intended  for  a  soldier's  use. 

One  preliminary  way  is  to  master  in  a  workmanlike  wise  the 
practical  details  of  its  materials,  construction,  and  principles  in- 
volved. 

The  other  way  is  to  assume  in  postulatory  kind  of  wise  that 
certain  results  will  follow  a  certain  theory  or  conception. 

But  these  reasoning  processes  or  conclusions  are  sometimes 
proved  untenable,  or  erroneous,  by  practical  demonstrations.  When 
these  presumed  conclusions  are  upset  by  the  results  of  ]iractical 
test,  experiment  or  trial,  the  winner  is  entitled  to  the  benefit.  In 
these  canteen  tests  something  more  than  tentative  methods  have 
been  practised.  Every  canteen  has  been  placed,  on  trial,  and  judg- 
ment and  recommendatirns  succeeded,  not  preceded,  the  trial.  The 
conclusion  is  that  tlic  Lanz  metliod  is  the  best  type  for  the  militar\- 
service.  An  opinion  to  the  contrary  expressed  by  any  one  who 
has  not  practically  and  thoroughly  tested'  all  of  the  devices,  but 
entrenches  himself  behind  an  opinion  as  a  fortress,  is  not  entitled  to 
weight. 

Human  labor  cannot  supply  what  nature  has  denied,  but  can 
simulate  it.  A  good  canteen  is  a  necessity  for  which  a  soldier  in 
the  field  would  willingly  cxrhange  such  luxuries  in  life  as  clothing, 
tobacco   and    solid    food — particularly    if   he   is    a   hunter   who   has 


i()|  iiis'iT)KN'  Ml     rill     Mfi  rrvin'  r.WTF.nx. 

ili.iiiK   liiuii  riiiil  >|)riiij;s  of  icy  watiT  Imlilcii  a\\;i\    in  dark  cffxices 
ill  j^'Ia<l(.s  wIktc  shadows  aii.'  luxcr  InolNtii  li\   iIk'  >iiii. 

TIk'  \\a\s  in  which  tlir  l\c'|L;ulalioii  Canteen  nia_\  l»e  made  the 
\ehie]c  Inr  the  transi)ortalion  of  an  impure  water  snj)})!}  arc  shown, 
in  part,  in  the  (piotcd  letter  from  Mr.  Joseph  A.  Steinmctz. 

(Jiithreaks  of  malarial  fever  have  followed  the  use  of  impure 
water.  The  Regulation  Canteen  aids  to  spread  infection,  because, 
as  a  water  carrier,  it  can  carry  the  germs  of  fever,  and  because  of 
the  practical  impossibility  of  sterilizing  its  contents  by  the  soldier  in 
the  field. 

The  substitution  of  a  canteen  differing  in  material,  construction 
and  shape,  would  partly  obviate  these  dangers. 

The  Patton  Paint  Compaiu',  Milwaukee,  Wis.,  *  see  j).  104), 
writes  again  as  follows: — "Canteens  of  wood,  if  they  can  be 
rendered  absolutely  impervious  to  water  and  so  treated  that  they 
will  give  no  taste  to  liquids  wdiicb  they  hold,  will  be  found  more 
satisfactory  than  canteens  made  of  metal  or  of  any  composition 
which  would  be  ])racticable  for  service. 

"We  are  conducting  a  series  of  experiments  which  lead  us  to  be- 
lieve that  we  have  found  a  process  of  treating  wood  in  such  a  way 
that  a  canteen  turned  out  of  a  solid  block  can  be  coated  on  the  inside 
with  our  si)ecial  preservative  paint  and  will  resist  the  action  of  water, 
tea  and  coffee,  giving  no  taste,  and  holding  at  an  equable  temjxTa- 
ture  any  liquid  which  a  soldier  would  be  using  in  active  service. 

"These  experiments,  while  they  convince  us  of  the  possibilitv  of 
fulfilling  all  the  conditions  to  be  met  in  actual  use,  will  need  some 
six  months  longer  to  enable  us  to  guarantee  the  permanency  of  re- 
sults which  must  be  obtained  if  we  are  to  back  our  statements  with 
the  reputation  of  the  Patton  Paint  Company. 

"The  advantages  of  wood  for  holding  water  are  obvious.  Wood 
is  among  the  best  non-conductors  of  beat.  It  is  stiff"  and  bard,  hav- 
ing considcral)le  strength  for  resisting  strains,  blows  and  jars,  with 
sufficient  elasticity  to  resume  its  shai)e  after  undergoing  almost  any 
treatment  but  that  of  being  crushed  or  broken. 

"In  tropical  climates  wood  canteens  will  be  found  to  keep  the 
water  and  other  potable  liquids  at  a  lower  temperature  for  a  longer 
time  than  tin,  iron,  or  any  other  metal  Cwbether  enameled  cr  other- 
wise). 

"In  resistance  to  cold,  wood  has  equally  high  efiiciency.  It  will 
withstand  the  freezing  temperature  better  than  anv  other  substance 
of  which  canteens  could  be  made. 

"The  only  olijection  to  the  use  of  wood  for  niakino-  canteens  is 


iiisi'Din    ui-  Tin:   Mii.i'r.\m'  (■.\.\tI':i:x.  165 

tliai  It  i:-  afffcird  li\  ilu'  |h|iiii1s  thai  ii  coiitaiii>.  All  li<|ui(ls  cuiitain- 
ini;-  watrr  ])(.riiicaU'  tln^  pMics  i)\  natural  wh.kI  aiiij  uniJer  this  iiilhi- 
ciKX'  the  lil)LT>  rapiilK  uii(krL;i)  dcU'rioration.  The  \\(j<j<1  (Iccom- 
poses  slightly  if  it  has  no  chance  In  dry  oul  and  soon  begins  t<i 
taste  (  f  organic  matter.  After  continueil  use.  unless  it  is  frequently 
washed  and  sterilized,  the  taste  of  the  li(iui(l  cont-ained  becomes  so 
luipalatable  and  the  oclor  so  unhearahle  th;it  the  wioden  vessel  must 
he  discarded. 

"Tn  the  special  paint  which  we  are  making  for  covering  the  inside 
of  wood  canteens  we  claim  that  we  have  obviated  all  the  difficulties 
which  could  be  urged  against  the  making  of  canteens  from  wood, 
and  that  we  have  retained  all  the  advantages  of  the  wood  canteen 
and  also  those  of  an  iron  canteen  which  is  enameled. 

"The  wood  with  changes  of  temperature  will  nut  expand  and 
contract  as  iron  does,  to  the  extent  of  chipping  and  cracking  the 
coating. 

'Tn  other  respects  the  wood  canteen,  with  inside  coating  of  our 
enamel  paint  specially  prepared  for  this  purpose,  will  answer  all  the 
recptirements  of  an  enameled  nu'tal  canteen  and  will  at  the  same 
time  preserve  all  the  advantages  of  the  old-time  wooden  vessel. 

"This  paint  will  be  found  to  be  absolutely  impervious  to  water. 
Tea  and  coffee  will  not  affect  it,  and  liquids  used  in  it  will  not  taste 
as  they  would  of  an  ordinary  paint.  A  beverage  containing  a  small 
amount  of  alcohol  will  do  it  no  harm.  The  paint  will  stand  any 
temperature  from  150  degrees  F.  to  far  below  the  freezing  point. 
The  paint  which  we  have  recommended  for  this  purpose  we  have 
carefnllv  prepared  to  withstand  any  possible  changes  to  which  a 
canteen  would  be  subject  in  the  army  service,  from  .\rctic  to  tropical 
climates. 

"Hot  tea  and  coft'ee  could  be  poured  into  this  canteen  and  would 
not  aft'ect  it  adversely  unless  kept  for  a  long  time  at  a  temperature 
exceeding  150  degrees. 

"Tn  fact,  where  a  soldier  can  stand  the  exposure,  either  to  heat 
or  cold,  this  canteen  can  be  used,  we  believe,  with  perfect  satisfac- 
tion. 

"We  shall  be  glad,  if  this  matter  is  taken  u\i  in  future,  to  submit 
to  you  the  results  of  our  experiments  in  this  line,  ami  shall  ho]H'  to 
see  the  wooden  canteen  adopted  in  the  United  States  .Army." 

Mr.  E.  Dederick,  of  2016  Cherry  St.,  Milwaukee,  Wis.,  writes: — 
"T  read  in  the  MUivanhcc  Sriitiiwl  that  you  are  trying  to  arrange 
for  a  preparation  for  lining  the  inside  of  a  wooden  canteen.  T  have 
a  jireparation  which  when  applied  either  to  wood  or  iron  forms  a 


i(,(i  iiiS'i'Din'   1)1'    MM.   .\Ill.ll\l<^    (  ,\NTi-:iiiV. 

coating  like  .-^loiif ;  llus  <  an  !>«.  made  aii}  color  except  while;  its 
natural  color  is  slate,  i  l)a\r  il  in  refrigerator  boxes,  where  it  has 
been  used  for  the  last  seven  _\ears  and  is  as  good  now  as  when 
ih-st  put  on.  ]t  can  be  used  for  a  great  many  things:  covering  for 
refrigerator  pipes,  to  keep  them  from  corroding;  lining  between 
double  floors  to  keep  them  from  leaking;  also  on  vats  that  are  liable 
to  leak  a  coating  of  this  does  the  business. 

"If  this  should  interest  you,  if  you  write  me  1  will  send  you  some 
samples  on  wood  and  iron  and  you  can  test  them." 

The  Patton  Paint  Companw  of  Milwaukee,  Wis.,  writes  again 
as  follows : — "The  basis  of  my  argument  in  favor  of  the  paint  which 
we  recommend  for  wood  canteens  rests  upon  the  fact  that  the  paint 
is  applied  to  wood  rather  than  to  any  metal  surface.  If  the  same 
paint  were  applied  to  metal,  it  would  act  in  much  the  same  way  as 
enameled  metal-ware  acts.  It  would  chijx  crack  and  scale  with  the 
expansion  and  shrinkage  of  tlie  metallic  surface  upon  which  the 
enamel  is  liaked. 

"The  great  weakness  of  all  enameled  metal-ware  is  the  fact  that 
the  enamel  is  applied  to  a  substance  which  has  a  much  larger  co- 
efficiency  of  expansion  than  a  substance  which,  like  wood,  is  com- 
posed of  fibers  brought  together  and  amalgamated  under  the  law  of 
growth  and  which  has  therefore  intercellular  spaces  which  take  up 
the  larger  portion  of  motion  that  would  ensue  upon  expansion  of  the 
fibers  and  therefore  expand,  when  they  do  so,  more  slowly  than  the 
metal,  which,  from  its  lack  of  intercellular  spaces,  must  at  once  yield 
to  the  force  acting  upon  it  in  either  enlarging  or  reducing  the 
molecular  orbit. 

"The  immediate  result  of  the  chipping  and  cracking  of  the  en- 
amel is  that  the  liquid  is  admitted  to  immediate  action  upon  the 
metal,  which  oxidizes  and  permits  still  further  disintegration  of  the 
enamel,  which  in  this  way  starts  the  process  of  undermining  the 
enamel  covering,  so  that  chips  are  set  free  and  small  and  large 
quantities  are  allowed  to  escape  with  the  water,  to  be  swallowed  by 
the  soldier. 

"Serious  trouble  could  arise  in  the  way  of  poisonmg  if  the  enamel 
were  composed,  as  is  frequently  the  case,  of  white  lead,  which  is 
uK^re  or  less  soluble,  and  which  might  easily  afifect  the  soldier,  inde- 
pen<lent  of  the  swallowing  of  small  particles  or  chips  loosened  from 
the  enamel  covering. 

"The  excessive  weight  of  enameled  metal  as  compared  with  can- 
teens made  from  wood,  aluminum  Dr  tin,  does  not  come  so  much  from 


IIISTORV    OF    Tin-:    MIUTAkV    CAXTEEX.  iG/ 

llic  fiiaiiK']  itself,  n^  hdm  ilu-  wxi^lii  i<\  llir  iik  lal  n|iiiii  ulmli  il  i> 
snpcr-iniposcd." 

J  am  iii(lel)lc(l  to  the  Western  I'ell  Works,  787  lu  jy/  South 
Canal  St.,  Chieagt),  Ills.,  for  the  formula  and  the  process  methods 
of  a  test  for  determining  the  amount  of  wool  in  felt,  or  any  wool, 
or  part  wool,  fabric. 

Jt  should  be  known  to  every  inspector  uf  covered  canteen  flasks, 
or  of  woolen  clothing  or  material  furnished  for  the  use  of  the  com- 
batant land  or  naval  forces  of  the  United  States. 

In  courtesy  to  the  company  the  test  cannot  here  be  given. 

Sponge  belongs  to  the  vegetable  kingdom.  Mixed  with  an  ani- 
mal product — wool — the  resultant  compound — sponge-felt — mav  be 
open  to  some  objections ;  perhaps  resembling  those  found,  prac- 
tically, by  the  French  navy  when  cellulose,  composed  of  the  ground 
fibre  of  the  cocoanut,  was  tried,  in  compressed  form — briquettes — 
to  close  ,the  openings  made  and  prevent  the  inflow  of  water,  even 
if  penetrated  by  projectiles — the  protection  nf  buoyancv  method, 
so  called. 

As  sponge  grows  in  the  water,  and  is  used  wet,  it  is  at  its  best 
when  wet ;  should  be  offered  for  sale  wet.  Sponges,  when  dry,  are 
hard,  rough  and  easily  torn ;  when  wet,  sponges  are  much  less  easily 
torn.  The  difference  between  sponge  and  fish-glue  and  gelatine 
in  dried  and  soaked  state  applies  to  sponges. 

The  strongest  sponge  is  easily  torn  by  pulling  across  the  grain. 
The  fair  test  is  with  the  grain — everything  has  a  grain.  Wooden 
columns  support  buildings  when  placed  with,  or  along,  the  grain.  Init 
wood  across  the  grain  can  easilv  be  broken. 


'WE'VE  DRUXK  FROM  THE  SAME  CWXTEEX. 

BY    MILKS   c'rHILLV. 

There  are  bonds  of  all  sorts  in  this  world  of  ours: 
Fetters  of  friendship,  and  ties  of  flowers. 

And  true  lovers'  knots,  I  ween. 
The  boy  and  the  girl  are  bound  by  a  kiss. 
But  there's  never  a  bond,  old  friend,  like  this. 

We  have  drunk  from  the  same  canteen. 

CHORUS. 

The  same  canteen,  my  soldier  friend, 

The  same  canteen ; 
There's  never  a  bond,  old  friend,  like  this, 

We  have  drunk  from  the  same  canteen. 


lf)S 


lIls■l■(lK^■  oi-    iiii:   \MMT.\l<^■  <  an  rr:iix. 


ll  was  siiiiuliiiK's  walcr.  and  suiiu-liiiirs  iiiillN. 
SoiiK'tiiiH's  appli'  jark.  \'u]v  as  silk  ; 

lint  wliati-'wr  llu'  lipjjlc  has  been. 
\\\'  shared  it  ln^ether  in  bane  or  bbss. 
And  r  warm  to  yon,  friend,  when  I  tliink  of  this. 

We  have  (h-nnk  from  the  same  canteen. 

The  rich  and  the  great  sit  down  to  dine. 
And  quaff  to  each  other  in  sparkHng  wine. 

From  ghisses  of  crystal  and  green  ; 
Cut  I  guess  in  their  golden  potations  the}-  miss 
The  warmth  of  regard  to  be  found  in  this, 

We  have  drunk  frr)m  the  same  canteen. 

We've  shared  nur  blankets  and  tent  together, 
And  marched,  and  fought,  in  all  kinds  of  weather. 

And  hungr} ,  and  full,  we've  been. 
Had  days  of  battle,  and  days  of  rest. 
But  this  mem'ry  I  cling  to,  and  love  the  best, 

W'e  have  drunk  from  the  same  canteen. 

l'"or  wdien  wounded  I  lay  on  the  outer  slope. 
With  my  blood  flowing  fast,  and  with  little  hope. 

On  which  my  faint  spirit  might  lean. 
Oh.  then  I  remember,  you  crawl'd  to  m\-  side. 
And  bleeding  so  fast,  it  seemed  both  must  have  died. 

We  drunk  from  the  same  canteen. 


I'pon  the  recommendation  of  the  Inspector  General.  U.  S. 
Army,  the  publication  of  the  foregoing  report  was  authorized  bv 
tlie  1  [(Miorable.  the  Secretary  of  War.  under  date  of  27th  April,  iqot. 


Ideut. -Colonel  &  Inspector  General.  I'.  S.  \ 
(Major  4th  U.  S.  Infantry"). 
Inspector  General.  DeiU.  Dakota. 


0>^K 


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